Antibiotics are medications used to kill or prevent the spread of disease causing bacteria in the body. There are two types of antibiotics which manage infectious diseases differently: 1. Bactericidal Antibiotics: this is when the antibiotic completely kills off the Bacteria. It does this by damaging or interfering with the bacteria’s cell contents or wall. An example of this type of antibiotic is Penicillin which is in fact the first type of antibiotic to be discovered. 2. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics:
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Druckfreigabe/approval for printing Without corrections/ ohne Korrekturen After corrections/ nach Ausfçhrung der Korrekturen ` j89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 ` Date/Datum: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signature/Zeichen: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Nonantibiotics – An Alternative for Microbial Resistance: Scope and
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Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes organisms whose cells have nuclei that normally show characteristics associated with animals‚ most common mobility and heterotrophy. They are often grouped in the kingdom Protista together with the plant-like algae and fungus-like water molds and slime molds. Most algae are classified in the kingdoms Plantae and Chromista‚ and some the remaining forms may be classified as a kingdom Protozoa. The name is misleading‚ since they are not animals. Protozoa have traditionally
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Kingdom Protista: Characteristics Mostly unicellular‚ eukaryotic cells Reproduce asexually or sexually by conjugation Exhibit all three modes of nutrition Photosynthesis Ingestion Absorption Ultimately spawned all multicellular kingdoms Very diverse kingdom Difficult for taxonomists to agree on classification Diverse Modes of Nutrition Use diverse modes of nutrition Ingest
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.0 Ginger Ginger is a knotted‚ thick‚ beige underground stem (rhizome). The stem extends roughly 12 inches above ground with long‚ narrow‚ ribbed‚ green leaves‚ and white or yellowish-green flowers. The important active components of the ginger root are thought to be volatile oils and pungent phenol compounds (such as gingerols and shogaols). 1.1 Parasitological examination of stool specimen This is the examination of intestinal parasites
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2. Biological Classification Classification The process of grouping living organisms into convenient categories based on simple characters is known as classification. 1. Two kingdom classification Carolus Linnaeus divided all living things into two kingdoms- Plantae and Animalia. 2. Five kingdom classification R.H. Whittaker divided all living things into five kingdoms- Monera‚ Protista‚ Fungi‚ Plantae‚ and Animalia. The main criteria for classification included o cell structure o thallus
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needed because there are numerous species of vectors and four species ofPlasmodium. * Some populations of Plasmodium‚ especially Plasmodium falciparum‚ are resistant to drugs‚ so alternative drugs need to be used. * Research needs to be done on new drugs as a "reserve weapon" for future cases of drug resistance. Unfortunately‚ drug resistance is more common in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum‚ the most dangerous type of malaria‚ than in the other three species. * Some populations of mosquitoes
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Chapter 22: Protists 22-1: Characteristics of Protists Protists Are a Varied and Ancient Group of Organisms Protists are the most diverse of all organisms - most are unicellular - microscopic - few are complex and multicellular Characteristics - eukaryotes - some photosynthesis - some ingest their food - some absorb their food - some have flagella or cilia o used for locomotion or getting food - found
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protists. There are about 4‚000 known species‚ but this is certainly just an understatement of the actual number. Of the described species seven genera infect humans; these include the following: Plasmodium‚ Babesia‚ Cryptosporidium‚ Isospora‚ Toxoplasma‚ Cyclospora and Sarcocystis. Species in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria in humans and other animals; an estimated 300 million people in over 90 countries are infected with malaria‚ and over 1 million die from it each year. Others apicomplexans cause
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Helpful Cowpox- Virus Size-275nm Edward Jenner found the application for the cowpox virus as a vaccine over 200 years ago(2). The innovation of the cowpox vaccine led to the eradication of the smallpox virus and is the biggest contribution to biomedical science and human health(1). Lactobacillus- Bacteria Size- 0.9 um Lactobacillus bacteria can help prevent intestinal
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