Exchange rates‚ Pakistan’s GDP and KSE’s prices: A relationship analysis I. Introduction Exchange rates‚ GDP and KSE index 2.1 Exchange rates (ER) are not autonomous in nature‚ these are determined by the forces of demand for and supply of major medium of currency (mostly US dollar in Pakistan) used in imports and exports trade. Whereas the volumes of imports and changes therein seem to be the major source to determine demand for US dollar in Pakistan‚ the value and changes in exports
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“Volatility of Exchange Rate and Export Growth in Pakistan: The Structure and Interdependence in Regional Markets” Khalid Mustafa Assistant Professor Department of Economics‚ University of Karachi and Mohammed Nishat‚ PhD Professor and Chairman‚ Finance and Economics Institute of Business Administration‚ Karachi Abstract The study empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on exports growth between Pakistan and leading trade partners. The countries are selected to determine
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international trade flows should initially adjust in response to the changes in inflation (holding exchange rates constant). Explain how the international capital flows should adjust in response to the changes in interest rates (holding exchange rates constant). International trade flows are the exchange of goods and services for money between different countries. It is referred to as sales which cross juridical borders. Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in
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The unemployment rate An unemployed person is one who is able and willing to work yet is unable to find a job. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labor force‚ which includes both the unemployed and those with jobs. Measuring the number of unemployed workers actually seeking work is very difficult‚ but there exists several different methods to do so. Each method has its own biases and the different systems that make comparing unemployment
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Exchange Rate Volatility: Impact on Industry Portfolios in Indian Stock Market K N Badhani*‚ Rajani Chhimwal** and Janki Suyal*** This study examines the interaction between changes in the exchange rate of Indian Rupee and returns on different BSE-based indices representing the firms of different sizes and industries. In absolute sense‚ the returns on all the stock portfolios are found to be positively correlated with the external value of Indian Rupee. However‚ the analysis with an extended market
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The society as a whole is worse off. This is because cash is the financial asset and it becomes is a liability of the government upon the time you found the cash. So‚ the taxpayers will have to make up for the government liability. 2. The average rate of return on investment in large stocks has outpaced that on investments in T-Bills by about 8% since 1926 in US. Why‚ then‚ does anyone invest in T-Bills? Answer: This is because T-bill is regarded as an almost risk free asset as it is backed
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CONFLICT BETWEEN STATE AND RELIGION IN TURKEY Yasin Ceylan Professor of Philosophy Middle East Technical University‚ Ankara (e-mail: yceylan@metu.edu.tr) Secularization policies implemented by Muslim states such as Turkey‚ Egypt and Iran at the beginning of the twentieth century caused serious conflicts between state and religion. Attempts at the resolution of these conflicts by either party necessitated in turn‚ certain modifications both in the state mechanism and religious institutions
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punishable by a state. The term crime does not‚ in modern criminal law‚ have any simple and universally accepted definition‚ though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law (i.e. something is a crime if applicable law says that it is). One proposed definition is that a crime‚ also called an offence or a criminal offence‚ is an act harmful not only to some individual‚ but also to the community or the state (a public
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GOLD AS AN INFLATION HEDGE: A STUDY ON UNITED STATES 1. Introduction Inflation hedge can be defined as an investment designed to protect against inflation risk where such an investment ’s value will typically increase with inflation. There are many ways of investment to hedge against inflation and one of them is by taking gold as an inflation hedge. Gold is a type of commodities that is used for investment. Commodities are said to be the best way to hedge against inflation which reduce
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Interest Rates An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by borrowers for the use of money that they borrow from a lender. Specifically‚ the interest rate is a percent of principal paid a certain amount of times per period. Small companies often borrow capital from banks to buy new assets for its business‚ and in return the lender receives interest at a predetermined interest rate for deferring the use of funds and instead lending it to the borrower. Interest rates are
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