CFA® Level I – Economics Demand and Supply Analysis: Consumer Demand www.irfanullah.co Graphs‚ charts‚ tables‚ examples‚ and figures are copyright 2012‚ CFA Institute. Reproduced and republished with permission from CFA Institute. All rights reserved. 1 Contents and Introduction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Consumer Theory: From Preferences to Demand Functions Utility Theory: Modelling Preferences and Tastes The Opportunity Set: Consumption Production‚ and Investment Choice Consumer Equilibrium:
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Demand and Elasticity Linear demand curve: Q = a – bP Elasticity: E d = (ΔQ/ΔP)/(P/Q) = -b(P/Q) E d = -1 in the middle of demand curve (up is more elastic) Total revenue and Elasticity: Elastic: Ed < -1 ↑P→↓R (↑P by 15%→↓Q by 20%) Inelastic: 0 > Ed > -1 ↑P→↑R (↑P by 15%→↓Q by 3%) Unit elastic: Ed = -1 R remains the same (↑P by 15%→↓Q by 15%) MR: positive expansion effect (P(Q) – sell of additional units) + price reduction effect (reduces revenues because of lower price (ΔP/ΔQ)/Q)
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CHAPTER 20 Supply and Demand: Elasticities and Government-set Prices A. Short-Answer‚ Essays‚ and Problems New 1. The president of a toy company asks you for advice about whether the company should cut the price of its best-selling doll this year based on the following information: last year the company cut the price of its best-selling doll by 10% and the total revenues from doll sales increased by 10%. New 2. The owner of a health club asks you for advice about whether the company
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Objectives (Importance) of Demand Forecasting Demand forecasting is an inseperable part of a modern day business management. The business houses spend large amounts of money on demand forecasting. The importance of Demand Forecasting arises from out of the objectives served by it. The prominent objectives can be described as follows 1. Planning production :- In a modern economy‚ the production of any commodity is uindertaken in anticipation of demand. The firm produces in advance and keeps
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Demand Varies by Market Segment Random fluctuations usually are caused by factors beyond management control. However analysis will sometimes reveal that a predictable demand cycle for one segment is concealed within a broader‚ seemingly random pattern. This fact illustrates the importance of breaking down demands on a “segment-by-segment” basis. For instance‚ a repair and maintenance shop that services industrial electrical equipment may already know a certain proportion of its work consists of
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| Demand for bread to follow Philippine economic growth‚ bakers say Jan 22‚ 2011 (Philippine Daily Inquirer - McClatchy-Tribune Information Services via COMTEX) -- MANILA (PHILIPPINE DAILY INQUIRER/ANN) -- Despite the recent increase in bread prices‚ bakers are confident that consumers will continue to patronize bread products‚ with growth to be in line with the expansion of the economy. Walter Co‚ president of the Philippine Baking Industry Group (Philbaking)‚ said that growth in demand usually
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INEALSTIC DEMAND Student Name Institution Inelastic Demand Inelastic demand is a situation whereby a one per cent change in price of a commodity leads to less than one per cent change in quantity demanded by the consumers. Products that exhibit inelastic demand have an almost constant demand no matter the change in prices. Figure 1: Diagram illustrating inelastic demand As shown from diagram above‚ the price changes from P1 to P2 and quantity fall from Q1 to Q2. The
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The Demand For Labor The demand for labor and other productive inputs is different from the demand for consumer products such as iPods‚ books‚ haircuts‚ and pizza. Firms use workers to produce the products demanded by consumers‚ and so economists say that labor demand is a derived demand. That is‚ it is determined by‚ or derived from‚ the demand for the products that workers produce. • Labor Demand by an Individual Firm in the Short Run. Consider a perfectly competitive firm that produces
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DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND The determinants of individual demand of a particular good‚ service or commodity refer to all the factors that determine the quantity demanded of an individual or household for the particular commodity. 1) INCOME Income is one of the factors that affect the demand for a given product. Normally‚ we expect that as one’s income rises (falls)‚ the demand for a product will rise (fall). Because we normally expect this to be true‚ a good for which this statement
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How to develop an Effective Scientific Retail Demand Forecast? Purpose of the Forecast The ability to effectively forecast demand is critical to the success of a retailer. In this hyper competitive environment of ever diminishing margins‚ every paisa saved or earned is critical. A robust demand forecast engine‚ can have significant impacts on enhancing both top & bottom lines. In today’s world‚ the retailers require forecasts that would be instrumental in directing the organisation through
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