activities related to the production of hydrocarbons‚ which can be either crude oil or natural gas. considered as upstream sector of the oil and gas industry‚ which are the activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons. What is Petroleum Engineer? A petroleum engineer is involved in nearly all stages of oil and gas field evaluation‚ development and production. The goal of a petroleum engineer is to maximise hydrocarbon recovery at a minimum cost while maintaining
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treat the same symptoms that we use aspirin to treat. The bark from willow trees‚ along with a few other trees‚ produces an anti-inflammatory agent called salicin. Salicin is an aromatic alcohol‚ this is indicated by the OH group of the benzene ring (benzene is aromatic hydrocarbon‚ which is an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon). Benzene and the OH groups are substituents as shown in the diagram. By the
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Carbon- carbon multiple bonds ▪ Single bonds between a carbon atom and a more electronegative atom. ▪ Carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. • There are 3 types of aliphatic hydrocarbons: o Alkanes ▪ A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms. ▪ General formula is Cn H2n+2 ▪ All alkanes have the ending –“ane” ▪ Any alkyl branches in the carbon
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third σ-bond with a hydrogen atom. The 2p orbital on each atom is available for π-bonding. Interaction between the p orbitals on the six carbon atoms forms a conjugated system of π-electrons. Molecules with this bonding arrangement are called aromatic molecules. For convenience‚ we usually draw benzene as one of its resonance forms. The shape of benzene Benzene is a planar regular hexagon‚ with bond angles of 120°. This is easily explained. It is a regular hexagon because all the bonds
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Association. (Transition: While jet skis are creating noise‚ they are also creating an environmental mess.) II. Another reason they should be banned is because they create an environmental mess. A. One day’s worth of jet ski production of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide equals what a car would produce over 100‚000 miles. B. Jet skis have inefficient‚ two-stroke engines‚ which dump up to one-third of their fuel unburned. C. Each year 165 million gallons of oil are spilled into U.S.
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zeolite‚ magnetic zeolite‚ or charcoal were better at absorbing the dye. From the results collected it was found that charcoal was the best at absorbing the dye‚ when moles of dye per gram of agent used were calculated. Introduction: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons‚ PAHs‚ are commonly found in the environment due to industrial and agricultural processes and can be harmful if there are high concentrations in the environment because they can be very toxic 1.
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C H A P T E R 5 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 5.1 | INTRODUCTION The fundamental information that environmental engineers and scientists need concerning organic chemistry differs considerably from that which the organic chemist requires. This difference is due to the fact that chemists are concerned principally with the synthesis of compounds‚ whereas environmental engineers and scientists are concerned‚ in the main‚ with how the organic compounds in liquid‚ solid‚ and gaseous wastes
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RTECS number CY1400000 Jmol-3D images Image 1 [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Properties Molecular formula CH Molar mass 78.11 g mol−1 Appearance Colorless liquid Odor aromatic‚ gasoline-like 6 6 Benzene 2 Density 0.8765(20) g/cm3 Melting point 5.5 °C‚ 278.7 K‚ 41.9 °F Boiling point 80.1 °C‚ 353.3 K‚ 176.18 °F Solubility in water 1.79 g/L (15 °C) Solubility soluble in alcohol‚ chloroform
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Bioremediation Methods for Oil Spills Contents I. Introduction II. History of Bioremediation 1. ‘Courtship’ Period (Pre-1989) 2. ‘Honeymoon’ Period (1989-1991) 3. ‘Establishment’ Period (since 1992) III. The Biological and Chemical Processes of Bioremediation 1. Biodegradation a. Biological Process b. Degrading Species c. Chemical Process d. Need for Bioremediation 2. Bioremediation a. Seeding with Microbial Cultures b. Environmental Modification
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An oil spill can be defined as an accidental or deliberate dumping of oil or petroleum products into the ocean and its coastal waters‚ bays‚ and harbors‚ or onto land‚ or into rivers or lakes (Holum 1977). Between one and ten million metric tons (one metric ton is 1000 kilograms) of oil are put into the oceans every year. The oil is released‚ most often‚ in small yet consistent doses from tankers‚ industry‚ or on shore waste disposal (Boesh‚ Hersher‚ et al. 1974). Tanker spills cost the United
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