PHYTOCHEMICALS AS NUTRACEUTICALS 08/08/2006 12:22 AM Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals by Ben Best CONTENTS: LINKS TO SECTIONS BY TOPIC I. Introductory Remarks II . Terpenoids = Isoprenoids A . Carotenoid Terpenoids 1. Lycopene 2. Beta-Carotene 3. Alpha-Carotene 4. Lutein 5. Zeaxanthin 6. Astaxanthin B . Non-Carotenoid Terpeniods 1. Perillyl Alcohol 2. Saponins 3. Terpeneol 4. Terpene Limonoids III. Polyphenolics A . Flavonoid Polyphenolics 1. Anthocyanins 2. Catechins
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UNIVERSITY OF THE GAMBIA LECTURE NOTES COURSE: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY II (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) CODE: CHM 161 2ND SEMESTER SESSION: 2012/2013 LECTURER: ANTHONY F. ADJIVON UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION Organic chemistry started as the chemistry of life‚ when that was thought to be different from the chemistry in the laboratory. Then it became the chemistry of carbon compounds‚ especially those found in coal. Now it is both. It is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon along with other elements
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particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide‚ sulfur dioxide‚ chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5. * Light pollution : - Includes light trespass‚ over-illumination and astronomical interference. * Littering : - The criminal throwing
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Excretion and Elimination of Toxicants and their Metabolites The first topic that was covered by this chapter was the excretion of wastes by the Renal system. The first step that occurs in the kidney deals with the nephron‚ which is the functional unit of the kidney. In the glomerulus the formation of urine begins with the passive filtration of plasma through the pores that are found in the glomerulus. The plasma is forced through these pores by hydrostatic pressure. The only things that determines
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benzene ring. Therefore‚ this rules out all the alkanes and just leaves the phenyl hydrocarbon
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Lecture # 1 Organic Chemistry- 1. It is a science that deals with the study of Carbon compounds but not all compounds containing under organic compounds. Non-Organic Compounds a. CO- Carbon monoxide b. CO2- Carbon dioxide c. CO3- Carbonates d. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonates e. CN- -Cyanides 2. There are over millions of compounds and inorganic is approximately 100‚000. 3. A science that deals with matter obtained from natural or living sources. 4. Study of Carbon Compounds
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forming many different compounds such as acid anhydrides‚ acids‚ alkyl cyanides‚ primary amines‚ alkyl halides‚ Thioalcohols‚ sulphuric acids and Dithioic acids. The most common synthetic uses are: Hydrocarbons: when a Grignard reagent is reacted with any compound containing active hydrogen‚ a hydrocarbon is formed in the presence of water or dilute acid as shown below Primary alcohols: a Grignard reagent may be used to form an alcohol by reacting it with dry oxygen
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to it the use of personal vehicles has also increase steadily. The various principle pollutants emit from vehicles are as follows- Carbon monoxide (CO) Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Hydrocarbons (HC) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2005 Air Toxic Emissions from On-road Mobile Sources (Tox-weighted) Affects of Automobile Pollution 1. In India about 15-20 million people are asthmatic because of emission of automobile pollution. 2. N02
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pigments are inserted in to their body. Pigment Red 22 is banned in cosmetics in Europe because of carcinogenic amides produced as side-products and due to the solubility the risks of cancer are high (ref extraction of tattoo pigments). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH are organic bonded with benzene rings (ref Ki-Hyun Kim)‚ has been reported to be found in black ink which is concerning since they are related to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (End note Karin Lehner‚ Wolfgang B). this is important
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Life on Mars For centuries people have speculated about the possibility of life on Mars owing to the planet’s proximity and similarity to Earth. Serious searches for evidence of life began in the 19th century‚ and continue via telescopic investigations and landed missions. While early work focused on phenomenology and bordered on fantasy‚ modern scientific inquiry has emphasized the search for chemical biosignatures of life in the soil and rocks at the planet’s surface‚ and the search for biomarker
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