Introduction Aromatic compounds‚ which are planar cyclic rings with (4n+2)π electrons‚ will not undergo simple addition reactions like those of alkyl substances. However‚ in the presence of an electrophile‚ aromatic compounds will undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution. In this type of reaction‚ two π electrons from the aromatic ring serve for the ring to act as a nucleophile and attack an electrophile. For nitration‚ this nucleophile is NO2+‚ which is produced by reacting nitric and sulfuric
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INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS Barbara H. Stuart University of Technology‚ Sydney‚ Australia 72 Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications hydrocarbons appear in the 3000–2800 cm−1 range and the C–H stretching bands of methyl groups and methylene groups are readily differentiated. For methyl groups‚ asymmetric C–H stretching occurs at 2870 cm−1 ‚ while symmetric C–H stretching occurs at 2960 cm−1 . By comparison‚ methylene groups show asymmetric stretching at 2930
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site Ionizing radiations‚ radon Certain underground miners bronchus X-rays‚ radium Radiologists‚ radiographers skin Radium luminous dial painters bone Ultraviolet radiation Farmers‚ sailors.... skin Polycyclic hydrocarbons in soot chimney sweepers‚oil workers scrotum‚ skin‚ bronchus 2-Naphthylamine; 1naphthylamine Rubber workers bladder Benzidine; 4-aminobiphenyl Chemical workers bladder Asbestos shipyard and insulation workers
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Pentane ii. 2‚ 2-dimethylpropane iii. 2-methylbutane a) How will you synthesize methane from acetic acid? b) A hydrocarbon C4H10 (A) on monochlorination gives a compound C4H9C1 (B). Compound (B) on treatment with sodium metal gives 2‚2 ‚3‚3- tetramethylbutane. What are the structural formulas of (A) and (B)? 8. a) A hydrocarbon of formula C6H12 decolorises bromine solution‚ dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid‚ yields 2-methylpentane on hydrogenation and on ozonolysis
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by experimentally estimating separation variables (selectivity(s) and solute distribution ratio(D))‚with special emphasis on comparison between the two approaches. Because ionic liquids have a negligible vapor pressure‚ evaporating the extracted hydrocarbons from the ionic liquid phase could achieve the recovery of the ionic liquid. Preliminary calculations show that extraction will be better with ionic liquids compared to using sulfolane as the solvent. المستخلص : في هذا العمل ناقشنا تطبيقات
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Introduction : "Aromatic" and "aromatic compound" sidetrack here. For implications identified with odor‚ see fragrance compound. Two distinctive reverberation types of benzene (top) consolidate to create a normal structure (base) In natural science‚ the term aromaticity is utilized to depict a cyclic (ring-molded)‚ planar (level) particle that shows strange dependability when contrasted with other geometric or connective game plans of the same arrangement of iotas. As an aftereffect of their security
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Why I don’t do acetlyene explosions in our lab.... Combustion of alkanes A quick review.... • Combustion reactions of alkanes consist only of C and H (hydrocarbon) • require O2(g) as a reactant • produce CO2(g) and H2O(g) and a large amount of energy!! Oxygen can be the limiting reagent which can lead to Incomplete combustion. For complete combustion of a hydrocarbon‚ oxygen must be in excess. If there isn’t sufficient oxygen‚ incomplete combustion occurs and carbon monoxide is produced instead of carbon dioxide
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OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION‚ AND IT‟S CHALLENGES. NUHU MOHAMMED Holder of an Advanced Diploma in Oil and Gas Process Operations City & Guilds UK. INSTITUTION: WINTECH PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTE KWASHIEMAN. OIL AND GAS DEPARTMENT. OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND IT`S CHALLENGES Page 1 I PREFACE The material has been compiled from various online sources as well as other certified books and handouts and other related documents. I am thankful to my colleagues in the same institution for providing valuable input
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whatever they wanted as long as they continue to bring in prosperity to Waukegan. What they were allowed to do was dump millions of gallons to toxic sludge into lake Michigan‚ sludge containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)‚ Arsenic‚ Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons‚ Ammonia‚ Benzene and Trichloroethylene toxins. Waukegan Harbor became the Chenobol of the Midwest when this appaling act of polluting was discovered in the 1970s. Waukegan‚ a city that sits north of Chicago‚ Chicago‚ a city that depends
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Pollution is one of the main problems the world faces today. One of the reasons is the overload of non-biodegradable objects like plastics‚ cans and Styrofoam. The invention of plastics and Styrofoam made a huge change in our society and it helped us in many ways. But it is also one of the main pollutants that destroy our planet. Because of these we devised a way to recycle used Styrofoam‚ and this is to make glue out of it. This glue can help reduce the number of Styrofoam
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