and temperature increased‚ these conditions‚ and possibly other unknown factors‚ caused organic material to break down into the simpler form of hydrocarbons‚ which are chains of carbon and hydrogen ranging from simple configuration to complex compounds. Another affect of extreme pressure is that the oil and gas which are various mixtures of hydrocarbons raise upwards to the surface. Exactly when in the conversion process and the nature of this
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This article was downloaded by: [CIMAP Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants] On: 07 March 2013‚ At: 21:43 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House‚ 37-41 Mortimer Street‚ London W1T 3JH‚ UK Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters Publication details‚ including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gnpl20 Investigation on
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Chemical engineers today face a major dilemma when it comes to deciding what should hold paramount‚ economic gain or moral statute? Many practicing engineers are faced with problems that result from the consequences of their engineering decisions. Engineers have to realize the importance of proper engineering decisions and how one should act when faced with a problem such as deciding what comes first safety or economic gain. When faced with such a problem‚ engineers often employ the risk-benefit
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POLLUTIONS Environmental issues become one of the top topics nowadays. Environmental issues like pollution‚ climate change‚ global warning and deforestation are being discussed this day. Pollution is one of biggest concern in the environmental issues because it covers all which are water pollution‚ air pollution‚ soil pollution and noise pollution. Pollution is contaminants that can cause an adverse change s to environment and human health. Pollutants is components of pollution where it can be foreign
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tertiary alcohols‚ and a color test for phenol. Introduction The general formula of an alcohol is ROH in which the R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. Alcohols may be looked upon as derivatives of water‚ HOH. One hydrogen of water is substituted by an alkyl group‚ R. Like water‚ alcohols show hydrogen bonding. As the chain of the R group increases the hydrocarbon character of the compound overshadows the polar character of the OH group. Consequently‚ the solubility and boiling point of an alcohol
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hydrotreat the naphtha before sending to a Catalytic Reformer unit. • Catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range molecules into higher octane reformate (reformer product). The reformate has higher content of aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons). An important byproduct of a reformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is used either in the hydrotreaters or the hydrocracker. • Distillate hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel)
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NEOPLASIA Presented by Dr Abudu Emmanuel Kunle (MBBS‚ M.Sc‚ FMCPath) Senior Lecturer and Consultant Histopathologist University of Uyo Teaching Hospital‚Uyo‚ Akwa- Ibom State‚ Nigeria. Neoplasia means the process of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes‚ the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma‚ referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and
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compounds‚ which include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids‚ perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids‚ perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides‚ and fluorotelomer alcohols. These compounds are comparable to legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs)‚ which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)‚ brominated flame-retardants‚ and some organometallic compounds (Butt et al.‚ 2010). 2 comparable to POPs due to their long half-lives‚ their persistence‚ their tendency to bioaccumulate‚ and their ability produce toxic
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chains‚ Numbering of chains and branches. Carbon Rings: Cyclic Molecules‚ Aromatic Compounds Types of Organic reactions: Combustion Addition Substitution Condensation Oxidation What is organic chemistry? Carbon compounds. Methane CH4 Hexane C6 H14 Ethane C2H 6 Heptane C7 H16 Propane C3H 8 Octane C8 H18 Butane C4H10 Nonane C9H20 Pentane C 5 H12 Decane C1 0 H22 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons Rules: Cycloalkanes: Alkenes: Alkynes: General formula: Cn H2n General
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Amino acids are important building blocks; they play an essential role in the formation of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. Amino acids can serve as cell signaling molecules and can regulate gene expression. An optimal amount of amino acids is essential for health. There are over 500 amino acids‚ however only 20 are commonly found. Amino acids all have an amine functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group. They differentiate from each other in their side chains. Only 10 of
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