wall is composed of cellulose‚ this sugar is used as structure and protection. This organelle is only found in plants. The cell wall has three layers the middle lamella‚ primary cell wall‚ and secondary cell wall. The middle lamella contains a polysaccharide that binds cells to one another. The primary cell wall contains sugars and fibers that give the flexibility and strength needed for cell growth. The secondary cell wall contains sugar‚ fiber‚ and lignin; lignin aids in water conductivity and
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* Cells use energy from bonds of biomolecules (energy in bond is enthalpy) * Trade off is heat Table of approximate chem. Composition of e-coli shows that vast majority of energy goes into making macromolecules. * You can make polysaccharides from sugars * Fats/lipids/membrane from fatty acids * Proteins are built from amino acids * Anucleic acids from nuceltodies * We get those building blocks from food and use energy to organize them into functional units. Pathway
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1. The properties of water are essential to all life on Earth. a. Outline the significance of the labeled parts of this diagram‚ showing the attraction between three water molecules. | w. | Negative charge oxygen atom | | x. | Positive charged oxygen atom | | y. | Weak hydrogen bond between δ+ and δ- parts of neighboring water molecules. | | z. | Strong hydrogen bond | | δ- | Slight negative charge as large oxygen atom attracts shared electrons closer to itself than the hydrogen
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Bio 225 Chapter 4 Practice Questions 1. Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of prokaryotic cells? a. Their DNA is not associated with histones. b. They have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. c. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles. d. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane. e. None of the above. 2. Which of the following is not true about a gram-positive cell wall? a. It contains teichoic acids. b. It protects the cell in a hypertonic environment
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by passing it through a non-native host or by long-term subculture. caposemere - A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc. Capsule - In bacteria‚ the loose‚ gellike covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence. Carrier - A person who harbors infections and inconspicuously spreads them to others. Also‚ a chemical agent that can accept an atom‚ chemical radical‚ or subatomic particle from
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from different angles‚ it is George’s saliva produced by glands such as: Parotid‚ Submandibular and Sublingual glands (Patton & Thibodeau‚ 2008). This liquid contains an enzyme called amylase which is breaking the longest molecule of glucose (polysaccharide) into smaller molecules (oligosaccharides); in other words I am assisting at the first mechanical and chemical digestion where teeth and saliva are breaking down food into a small bolus. From the mouth‚ the bolus and I are moving down into the
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Structure and Characteristics of Lipids‚ Proteins‚ and Carbohydrates Carbs Monosaccharide- simple sugars; simple carbs C6H12O6 3 types Glucose Energy source for all cells 1 of the 2 sugars in every disaccharide Makes up polysaccharides Mild‚ sweet flavor 6-sided ring Fructose Intensely sweet; naturally found in fruits‚ honey 5-sided ring Galactose No sweet flavor 6-sided ring Position of the hydroxyl group differs from glucose Disaccharides- pairs of monosacchs; simple carbs
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Circulatory systems Closed circulatory systems: • Blood leaves heart under pressure to arteries then arterioles then capillaries. • Capillaries come in large numbers. They exchange substances between the blood and cells. • After passing through capillaries‚ blood goes back to the heart via veins. • Valves in the veins ensure that blood only flows in one direction. Single circulatory system: • Heart pumps deoxygenated blood. • Gaseous exchange (diffusion of CO2 from blood to H2O and diffusion
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A Tour of the Cell Overview: The Importance of Cells • All organisms are made of cells. o Many organisms are single-celled. o Even in multicellular organisms‚ the cell is the basic unit of structure and function. • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells. Concept 2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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* AP IMMUNE SYSTEM * An animal must defend itself against unwelcome intruders -- the many potentially dangerous viruses‚ bacteria‚ and other pathogens it encounters in the air‚ in food‚ and in water. * Herpes simplex-1 (Herpes labialis‚ HSV-1) * Herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2‚ Herpes genitalis) on thigh * Three cooperative lines of defense have evolved to counter these threats. * Two of these are nonspecific -- that is‚ they do not distinguish one infectious agent from another
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