the reforms to the church. The church was far more than a religious institution. The Catholic Church was supreme in Europe. The power of the pope was total and this was supplemented by the power the Holy Roman Emperor had as temporal defender of the Catholic Church. Even though the church had no determinate territory it was a state. It had a monarch as a pope‚ it princes in prelates and its subjects in Western Christendom. It had legislative assemblies in ecumenical councils‚ a constitution in cannon
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Reaction Paper- Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation‚ first taking place in the early sixteenth century‚ brought about a whirlwind of change theologically‚ economically‚ and multiple other fronts. Most important was the globalization of Christianity—its transformations generated new directions of intellect beyond the sixteenth century. Works of theologians such as Martin Luther and John Calvin sparked the criticism of the authority and power of the Catholic Church as well as instilling
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Europe. The church provided religious leadership as well as secular‚ or worldly‚ leadership. It also played a key role in reviving and preserving learning. At the head of the Roman Catholic Church was the pope‚ whom followers believed to be the spiritual representative of Jesus on earth. Below the pope came cardinals‚ archbishops‚ bishops‚ and local priests. For peasants and town dwellers‚ everyday life was closely tied to local priests and the village
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The Treasure of Montsegur is a novel that follows the life of protagonist Jeanne of Béziers. This fictional account intertwines with factual events that surround the Albigensian Crusade‚ which culminates in the fall of the mountain fortress of Montsegur‚ reported to have occurred on the 1st March 1244‚ during which over 200 Cathari were killed. The novel plots the life of Jeanne‚ through her adolescent years when she was adopted by the Cathars as a baby following a massacre by the Catholic Church
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1929‚ The Vatican is landlocked within the walls of Southern Europe‚ and is an enclave of Rome and is the last remnant of the Papal States; a group of territories in central Italy attained over the centuries by the Catholic Church and governed by the pope. (Vatican: The Holy See) It rests on a small hill in northwestern Rome on the west bank of the Tiber River. The little state is shaped roughly like a triangle and is enclosed by a high stone wall. (Scott) Three gates give entry. It is surrounded by
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division of the Western Christendom into two: different divisions: Roman Catholicism and the new formed Protestant traditions. The Pope found out about these divisions‚ and was angry at Luther for his actions. When they asked his to take down his beliefs and “keep it to himself” he refused‚ and that ended in excommunication with the pope. Luther wrote ‘The 95 Theses’‚ in relation in which he criticized the beliefs of the Catholics and he called for reforms. After
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‘The beginnings of the Reformation and the principle figures responsible for it’ Group One Maryam Altaf Azka Shahid Maryam Naqqash Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part One * The Roman Catholic Church Part Two * The Early Reformists: From Wycliffe to Erasmus Part Three * Radical Reformists of the 16th Century: From Luther to Calvin Part Four * Literary counterparts of the movement: A look at the work of Dante and Machiavelli Acknowledgements: Will
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the years of 900 and 1200. Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced the church’s laws against simony‚ addressing the corrupt bishops. Other popes then followed them and continued the policy of reform. In later years during the Crusades‚ the Church was made to bear a resemblance to a kingdom in leadership structure. At this time the Curia or the pope’s advisers acted as a court‚ which made the laws of the Church on matters such as marriage. The diplomats for the pope established the pope’s power
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The order of command in the Church: Clergy: Religious officials. The members of the Clergy could usually read and write‚ as oppose to the peasants of the time‚ who most usually could not. All of the Clergy were under the authority of the Pope. Pope: The pope was the head of the Catholic Church. Bishops: The Bishops supervised Local parish priests. Local priests: The local parish priests had the most influence on people as he had more contact with the people of his area. 3. How the Church
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indulgences protestants and other anti-pope figures such as Savonarola‚ Hus‚ Wycliffe‚ and Luther‚ began speaking out of the corruptions and abuses of the church. It it was for the sale of indulgences (purely economic) there would be no reason for the reformation. The sale of indulgances went on for a long while. They were peddled everywhere. They were sold for several reasons‚ such as funding crusades‚ pope pocket money‚ feed the humanistic tasts of the pope. The people recieved salvation‚ were
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