a) The bank unveiled a plan to tackle community concerns so that it would be seen in a more positive light. Because banks offer services which are so essential (providing an opportunity to exploit customers)‚ they deal with high levels of customers and generally make large profits. Also‚ interest rates naturally fluctuate between high and low levels (controlled by the government to manage inflation - not the individual banks). For these reasons they have developed a generally bad reputation with
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Chapter 7 - Positive Theory Positive Accounting Theory Philosophy of PAT Million Friedman championed positive theories in economics. He stated that: (part 3 Empirical Research in Accounts of Accounting theory from Jayne Godfrey) The ultimate goal of positive science (i.e. INDUCTIVE) is • The development of a ‘theory ‘ or ‘hypothesis’; • that yields valid and meaningful “Predictions’ • about phenomena not yet “observed”. Consistent with Friedman’s view‚ Watts and Zimmerman
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Positive Accounting Theory • Sometimes abbreviated as PAT • Explains and predicts accounting practice • Does not seek to prescribe particular actions • Grounded in economic theory • Focuses on the relationships between various individuals involved in providing resources to an organisation (agency relationship) • Owners and managers • Managers and debt providers Positive Accounting Theory • Assumptions of PAT • All individual action is driven
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critical theorists assess research based on the Positive Accounting Theory? Accounting researchers tend to accept current accounting systems. Rather than focusing on why accounting systems favour certain classes of society‚ research is mainly carried out to such things as what accounting methods are most appropriate in certain circumstances‚ what motivates managers to use one accounting method over another and disclosure. By looking at accounting with a critical perspective is to recognise the way
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POSITIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY‚ POLITICAL COSTS AND SOCIAL DISCLOSURE ANALYSES: A CRITICAL LOOK* Markus J. Milne Accountancy and Business Law University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand Ph: 64-3-479-8120 Fax: 64-3-479-8450 Email: mmilne@commerce.otago.ac.nz * The author would like to thank Alan MacGregor‚ Carolyn Stringer‚ Gregory Liyanararchchi‚ Ros Whiting and an anonymous conference reviewer for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Thanks are also due to seminar participants
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136 Positive Accounting Theory and Science JCC Journal of CENTRUM Cathedra ™ Positive Accounting Theory and Science by M. Humayun Kabir Senior Lecturer‚ Faculty of Business Auckland University of Technology‚ Auckland‚ New Zealand Abstract This paper examines the development of positive accounting theory (PAT) and compares it with three standard accounts of science: Popper (1959)‚ Kuhn (1996)‚ and Lakatos (1970). PAT has been one of the most influential accounting research programs
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Positive Accounting Theory: A Ten Year Perspective Author(s): Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman Reviewed work(s): Source: The Accounting Review‚ Vol. 65‚ No. 1 (Jan.‚ 1990)‚ pp. 131-156 Published by: American Accounting Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/247880 . Accessed: 31/10/2011 02:22 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use‚ available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service
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What is Positive Accounting Theory? Positive Accounting Theory is the branch of academic research in accounting that tries to make good predictions of real world events and translate them to accounting transactions. This contrasts with normative accounting theory‚ which that tries to recommend what should be done. Positive Theories try to explain and predicts actions such as which accounting policies firms will choose and how firms will react to newly proposed accounting standards. Positive
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Compare and contrast normative and positive accounting approaches: Definition of PAT: Watts and Zimmerman (1986) defined Pat as a theory that seeks to explain and predicts particular phenomenon. It is concerned with explaining accounting practice. The three basic hypotheses as outlined by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) underlying PAT are: 1. Bonus plan hypothesis: The bonus plan hypothesis is that managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that increase current period
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View from PAT Positive accounting is to set some hypothesis which could affect accounting practice based on economic theory‚ using scientific methodology to do research and test those hypothesis. Simply speaking‚ it applied empirical research to accounting field. Positive Accounting focus on questions like “what is”‚ different from Normative Accounting which focus on questions like “what should be ”. Compare those two accounting theory‚ positive accounting theory is more scientific. Watts and Zimmerman(1986)
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