MATERIAL FALLACIES MATERIAL FALLACIES • Fallacies of Relevance – irrelevant premises (diversion) • • • • • The appeal to populace (ad populum) The appeal to pity (ad misericordiam) The appeal to force (ad baculum) The argument against person (ad hominem) Irrelevant Conclusion • Fallacies of Defective Induction – weak premises • • • • The argument from ignorance (ad ignorantiam) The appeal to inappropriate authority (ad vericundiam) False Cause Hasty Generalization MATERIAL FALLACIES • Fallacies
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FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE 1. Appeal to Force If you suppose that terrorizing your opponent is giving him a reason for believing that you are correct‚ then you are using a scare tactic and reasoning fallaciously. Example: David: My father owns the department store that gives your newspaper fifteen percent of all its advertising revenue‚ so I’m sure you won’t want to publish any story of my arrest for spray painting the college. Newspaper editor: Yes‚ David‚ I see your point. The story really
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typical of the post-modern movement. I would like you to undertake research into as many of them as you can within the recommended time. I would like you to find references to these designers without being given any specific links. This will help you to become an independent researcher. However‚ many of these designers and design groups are still working in graphic design so you may find that they have their own‚ official websites. If you cannot find references easily‚ you should post a message
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CRITICAL THINKING PSU LOGICAL FALLACIES Ad hominem or ATTACKING THE PERSON. Attacking the arguer rather than his/her argument. Example: John’s objections to capital punishment carry no weight since he is a convicted felon. Note: Saying something negative about someone is not automatically ad hominem. If a person (politician for example) is the issue‚ then it is not a fallacy to criticize him/her. Ad ignorantium or APPEAL TO IGNORANCE. Arguing on the basis of what is not known and cannot be
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conclusion is true Fallacies Logical fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. They often appear true at first‚ but they do not remain viable under scrutiny. A fallacy is an “argument” in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid (it is such that it could have all true premises and still have a false conclusion). An inductive fallacy is less formal than a deductive fallacy. They are arguments
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knowledge both perspective is better to use. We need our personal reasons to help us live our lives and be able to know our purpose of live‚ but to do that we also need the help from our 5 senses and these senses help us to have new experiences. An example is a student wishes to know what is the best technique and learning ability to make him a better student and to have awards during his school years. The student has a reason‚ he wants to be better. To flourish even more he needs to explore all possible
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WHAT IS FALLACY: A "fallacy" is a mistake‚ and a "logical" fallacy is a mistake in reasoning. There are‚ of course‚ other types of mistake than mistakes in reasoning. For instance‚ factual mistakes are sometimes referred to as "fallacies". However‚ the Fallacy Files is specifically concerned‚ not with factual errors‚ but with logical ones. In logic‚ the term "fallacy" is used in two related‚ but distinct ways. For example: 1. "Argumentum ad Hominem is a fallacy." 2. "Your argument is a
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Straw Man Fallacy Essay By: Jonathan Soles A straw man fallacy in which an opponent’s argument is overstated or misrepresented in order to be more easily attacked or refuted. The straw man fallacy happens quite a bit in “The Crucible” by Arthur Miller‚ but especially in on page 211 in the 4th column which reads‚ “(Procter): I have no love Mr. Parris. It is no secret. But God I surely love. (Cheever): He plow on Sunday‚ sir. (Danforth): Plow on Sunday! (Cheever): I think it
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1. argumentum ad baculum a. Chairman of the Board: "All those opposed to my arguments for the opening of a new department‚ signify by saying‚ ‘I resign.’" b. The Department of Transportation needs to reconsider the speed limit proposals on interstate highways for the simple reason that if they do not‚ their departmental budget for Department of Transportation will be cut by 25%. c. I’m sure you can support the proposal to diversify into the fast food industry because if I receive any opposition on
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Christian Ethics Project #2 1. From a Christian perspective‚ why did Marxist communism fail? From a Christian point of view‚ Marxist communism failed due to people not being offered a choice of whether or not to distribute riches to everyone. The author states: “Beginning in the Garden‚ God gave men and women the freedom to choose to do what is right. This is the heart of democracy” (Stapleford‚ 2009‚ p.98). Clearly‚ it is Godly for people to have freedom of choice; communism was not Godly
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