Viroids are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary‚ circular‚ single-stranded RNA without the protein coat that is typical for viruses.[1] The smallest discovered is a 220 nucleobase scRNA (small cytoplasmic RNA) associated with the rice yellow mottle sobemovirus (RYMV).[2] In comparison‚ the genome of the smallest known viruses capable of causing an infection by themselves are around 2kilobases in size. The human pathogen hepatitis D is
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Khalan A. AP Biology Plants Immune Systems Plants serve as the main source of nutrients for countless organisms such as fungi‚ protists‚ vertebrates‚ and insects. In comparison to humans‚ a plant’s “immune system” is insignificant. However‚ plants have adapted and evolved chemical‚ physical‚ and protein based mechanisms to protect themselves against invaders. A plant’s first line of defense against pathogens is their innate immunity. The “innate-immune system” is a non-specific immune
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Marigold is a plant in the genus Calendula of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe‚ though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown‚ and it may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely naturalised further north in Europe (north to southern England) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world. It is a short-lived aromatic herbaceous perennial‚ growing to 80 cm (31 in) tall‚ with sparsely branched lax or erect stems. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate
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The Devils Plant Kudzu is a perennial vine of the legume family. It was first introduced to the United States from Japan in 1876 by the United States government to be used as a fast growing ground cover and as a forage crop. It is also very high in nitrogen and actually replaces nitrogen into the soil. A couple things kudzu is good for is to be used as livestock feed‚ in fertilizer‚ herbal remedies‚ teas‚ honey‚ or even some paper products. Although kudzu seemed like a wonder plant‚ the introduction
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integrated plant survey was conducted at King James Processed Meat Products located at Pinalad Road in Pasig City.The off campus Integrated Plant Survey was conducted to expose a group of students assigned to the company‚ on the various managerial aspects of actual meat processing operations and enable them to apply the theories and principles of the four core managerial functions learned in the 20 weeks training program. With this in mind‚ the students realizes the value of an Integrated Plant Survey
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Plants need water for photosynthesis but they take in water through their roots so they need to transport the water up the stem to the leaves. Water is taken in by the root hairs because there is a higher water potential in the soil than in the root hairs. Then osmosis occurs to move the water from a cell with high concentration of water to a cell with low concentration through the permeable membrane. Once the water has moved down the concentration gradient it reaches a vessel called a xylem. As
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Holiday Scheme Thank you for your letter dated 14 January enquiring about the Working Holiday Scheme to New Zealand. I am glad to reply the information which you need. Referring to your question about the multiple entries‚ it will allow you to leave and return to the host country multiple times and any time you spend out of the country will not be added to the time the work visa is valid for. Besides‚ the work visa under this Scheme is valid for 12 months. The difference between a working holiday
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to show the effects that different colors of light have on plant growth. We separated our plants into different boxes and then covered the openings with colored cellophane. We conducted this experiment for approximately two weeks. Out of the colors blue‚ green‚ red‚ and yellow‚ the plant behind the blue cellophane grew the most. Research Problem What effects does different color light have on plant growth? Hypothesis The plants will grow taller under the red and blue light opposed to the
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OF PLANTS Raluca Elena Hedes STRUCTURE: PART 1: Clarifying THEORETICAL CONCEPTS and TERMINOLOGY ¨ PART 2: Aspects of PRACTICAL APLICABILITY ¨ PART 3: SOURCES ¨ PART 4: Q&A ¨ The term allelopathy… ¨ ¨ • • 1937 – introduced by Prof. Hans Molisch Derived from the Greek words: Allelon = of each other Pathos = to suffer Definition ¨ 1996 - The International Allelopathy Society: “Any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants‚ micro-organisms
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Basin (PRB) subbituminous coals to reduce emissions‚ the control of heating surface cleanliness has become more problematic for many steam generator owners. A scheduled cleaning approach does not easily address changes in operation. Also‚ as power plant operators push to achieve greater efficiency and performance from their boilers‚ the ability to more effectively optimize cleaning cycles has become increasingly important. Sootblowing only when and where it is required to maintain unit performance
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