become quite obvious that a good amount of comprehension must be ascribed not to the rules of language‚ but to our ability to infer what the speaker’s intentions are in saying what he says. Linguists try to explain this in terms of theories known as pragmatics‚ which is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed. Basically‚ I have carried out the present paper based on the works of Searl‚ Austin‚ Culicover‚ Levinson‚ Yule. It is worth mentioning‚ that different linguists
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Summary of A Theory for Metaphor by A.P. Martinich According to A. P. Martinich‚ an essential feature of a theory of metaphor is to place it within a general theory of language. This is for the reason that metaphor is derivative from some aspect of language use. To discuss his theory‚ he puts metaphor within H. P. Grice’s theory of conversation. Following Grice‚ he holds that metaphors are pragmatically based and not semantically based – its meaning depends upon the speaker’s satisfaction
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Bibliography: Goffman‚ E. (1976) & Coulthard (1977) Interaction ritual: essays on face to face behaviour. New York: Garden City. Mey‚ J.L. (1993) Pragmatics: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishers. Maybin‚ J. & Mercer‚ N. (1996) Using English: From Conversation to Canon. Routledge. Nosfinger‚ R. (1991) Telephone Conversation. Indiana: University Press. Pugh‚ A.K. – Lee‚ V.J. & Swann‚ J. (1980) Language
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Implicature is a theoretical construct which was first introduced by Grice in the William James Lectures at Harvard in 1967 and was later published in 1975 under the title Logic and Conversation. Grice’s basic idea was to clarify the difference between what is expressed literally in a sentence and what is merely suggested or hinted at by the utterance of the same string of words. To distinguish the latter from the former‚ Grice (1975) uses the neologisms implicate and implicature‚ while he refers
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CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………....................3 Chapter 1: Speech Act Theory…………………………………...................5 Chapter 2: Indirect Speech Acts in English………………........................10 Conclusion…………………………………………..………................…..15 References……………………………………………..………...................17 INTRODUCTION Language is an inseparable part of our everyday lives. It is the main tool used to transmit messages‚ to communicate ideas‚ thoughts and opinions. It situates us in the
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Reading: Iñiguez‚ L (2003) Análisis del Discurso (chapter 3). Editorial UOC. Very readable and avoids technical terminology. Wetherell‚ M (2001) Themes in Discourse Research: the case of Diana. In Wetherell et al (eds) Discourse Theory and Practice London: Sage Comprehensive and clear. Discourse Analysis "Discourse analysis" means many things to many people. One thing they all agree on is that the analyst’s first focus must be on language‚ and what it does in the world. So far‚ CA agrees
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Presupposition and Entailment Presupposition is what the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Entailment‚ which is not a pragmatic concept‚ is what logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. Speakers have presuppositions while sentences‚ not speakers‚ have entailments. Take a look at the example below: Jane’s brother bought two apartments. This sentence presupposes that Jane exists and that she has a brother. The speaker may also hold the
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theories in China since 1980s‚ Chinese scholars have published a large number of essays and books which focus on euphemism from different perspectives and systematically summarize the causes of its production‚ way of composition‚ classification‚ and pragmatic principles of composition as well as its social functions. (Shu‚ 1995‚ p17; Liu‚ 2000‚ p36) Actually‚ political euphemism has always been a point of penetration for foreign political linguists to evaluate and criticize political discourse. In the
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Assignment On Communicative Competence Submitted by; Ijaz Hussain M.A. English 3rd Semester (Morning ) Submitted to; Sir Tanveer Ahmad Institute of Southern Punjab Multan COMPETENCE: Ability to satisfy complex demands. COMMUNICATION: Communication is commonly defined as "the interchange
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Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction Pragmatics is the study of meaning recognition expressed either in oral or in written forms‚ which deals with the use of social context and the ways people produce and comprehend meanings through language (Mey‚ 2011). Language as a tool to express or convey meaning is widely used in communication. Conversely‚ communication‚ as it uses language‚ functions for many different purposes and one of which is persuasion. Persuasion is an act of convincing
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