LECTURE 7: SYNTAX. BASIC SYNTACTIC NOTIONS. 1.General characteristics of syntax. The grammatical structure of language comprises two major parts – morphology and syntax. The two areas are obviously interdependent and together they constitute the study of grammar. Morphology deals with paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of morphological units – morphemes and words. It is concerned with the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm
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DIRECT OBJECTS I OBJECT! Think of direct objects as receiving the action of the verb. Not every sentence will have a direct object. In order to have a direct object you must have three things: • • • An action verb The direct object must be a NOUN. You can answer the question‚ “what?” or “whom?”* Be sure to ask the correct question. Otherwise‚ you might find the subject. The correct question will follow this form: subject + verb+ WHAT? subject + verb+ WHOM? Check out the example
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Minor premise: All S are M.Conclusion: All S are P.The premises and conclusion of a syllogism can be any of four types‚ which are labelled by letters[1] as follows. The meaning of the letters is given by the table:code quantifier subject copula predicate type exampleA All S are P universal affirmatives All humans are mortal.E No S are P universal negatives No humans are perfect.I Some S are P particular affirmatives Some
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discuss Gaunilo’s Perfect “Island Objection”‚ which applies this “perfect island” argument in the same form as Anselm’s argument. The second island which I will discuss is that “Existence is not a predicate” which basically argues that Anselm’s claims that “God exists” which insinuates existence as a predicate.
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included Jo‚ who poured the tea; her mother‚ Marmee; John Brooke‚ the tutor; Laurie; Meg‚ who baked the cookies; and the other March girls. Comma: I walked – simple sentence independent clause Compound sentence I walked but Reza ran Red = predicate Blue = subject Green = fanboys 1 Independent clause + coordinate Conjunction + 1 independent clause = compound sentence Conjunctions * For * And * Nor * But * Or * Yet * So Complex sentence While I walked‚ Reza
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A defense of the ontological argument Daniel Andrews In this essay I will first explain the ontological argument and my reasons for choosing it. I will then discuss why I believe it is a better account for the existence of god than the teleological argument and the cosmological argument. I will then move onto discuss various theologians that oppose the ontological argument and critique their responses. The aim of the essay if to show the strength of the argument and to expose some key weaknesses
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different ways. In his first argument‚ Kant begins by hypothetically accepting that existing is indeed a defining predicate of God (which both Descartes and Anselm claim it is). He then goes on to argue that‚ even if this were true‚ there would be no contradiction in altogether rejecting the concept of God. For example‚ you may understand that having a single horn on its head is a defining predicate of a unicorn. However‚ this does not mean that it would be contradictory to not believe in unicorns or magical
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Metonymy Part 1 Comments and counter-suggestions on the following preliminary readings: Lakoff and Johnson 1980‚ Metaphors we live by Panther and Thornburg 2004‚ The role of conceptual metonymy in meaning construction Raden and Kovecses ‚ Towards a Theory of metonymy Otono 2001‚ High level metonymy and linguistic structure Gibbs 1994‚ Figurative thought and figurative language Metonymy and synecdoche are ill-defined. Essentially‚ they are not defined at all. Instead of providing a definition
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SEMÁNTICA Y PRAGMÁTICA I UNIT 1 What is semantics? Some linguistics link the notion of semantic to meaning‚ others to meaning in language‚ or meaning in communication through language‚ when others link it with other branches‚ like grammatical or literal meaning. What is meaning? The fact we need to have in mind is where to locate meaning‚ or parts of meaning. History of Semantics: Semantics had a central place in linguistic study from the very beginning. American structuralism banned Semantics
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"subject-like nominal" - agutaynen: ungrammatical‚ to front a NOn-topic NP - (1) and (2) grammatical topics occur post-verbally - (3) and (4) : pre-verbal NPs are clause-internal. Clause-level Topics - if the initial NP that precedes a nominal predicate is deleted‚ clause fragment is left and is uninterpretable continuity studies - flexible word order languages: highly discontinous topics tend to come in pre-verbal position - Givon > austronesian languages: SVO - high continuity yield low morphosyntactic
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