TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS 8. Closing entries are not needed if the business plans to continue operating in the future and issue financial statements each year. 9. The dividends account is closed to the Income Summary account in order to properly determine net income (or loss) for the period. 10. After closing entries have been journalized and posted‚ all temporary accounts in the ledger should have zero balances. 11. Closing revenue and expense accounts to the
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Quality Cost 1 Quality is defined from the customer´s point of view l Performance l Performance or the primary operating characteristics of a product or service. Example: For a car‚ it is speed‚ handling‚ and acceleration. For a restaurant‚ it is good food. l Features l Features or the secondary characteristics of a product or service. Example: For a TV‚ it is an automatic tuner. For a restaurant‚ it is linen table cloths and napkins . l Reliability l Reliability
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Although advertisement is one of the elements of the marketing mix‚ it is one that is vital for developing a product’s image‚ which then capture consumers’ attention and stimulate their desire to purchase. Successful advertising campaigns result from good ideas creatively presented to appeal to a contemporary audience. The foundation of Integrated Communication Marketing (ICM) lies in initiatives undertaken to communicate a product effectively to the market place. The different communication tools
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Cost Control and Cost Reduction A business enterprise must survive‚ grow‚ and prosper. Cost Control and Cost Reduction are activities necessary for ensuring that these objectives are fulfilled. With the liberalization of the Indian Economy and Globalization‚ there is now a cut throat competition from various concerns of the world. As a result there is now a race to secure a place for survival. This has increased the importance of cost control and Cost Reduction. Cost Control “Cost control
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In the books of a Company Cost Sheet for the period ended…….. Units Produced….. Name of the product unit sold…. Particulars Total cost Rs. Unit Cost Rs. Opening stock raw materials Add Purchases of Raw Materials Add: Expenses on Purchases of Raw Materials (octroi & duty) Less: Closing stock of raw materials Less: Sale of scrap or defectives of raw materials = Cost of materials consumed Add: Productive Labour Add: Outstanding wages Add: Direct Expenses( architect’s
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Lesson-13 Elements of Cost and Cost Sheet Learning Objectives • • • To understand the elements of cost To classify overheads on different bases To prepare a cost sheet Elements of Cost Raw materials are converted into finished products by a manufacturing concern with the help of labor‚ plants etc. The elements that constitute the cost of manufacturing are known as elements of cost. The elements of cost include the following: • • • Material Labor Expenses Each of these elements is again subdivided
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structure | A pay structure is defined by several elements‚ including: * coverage – the occupations‚ positions‚ or persons included‚ * the number of pay ranges or grades‚ * the differences between pay ranges‚ and * range width – the difference(s) between the range minimum and maximum. | Types of pay structure | Common approaches to establishing pay structures include: | | Approach | Common characteristics: | | Traditional (Grades) | * separate structures for each employee type
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Plant overhead $122‚000 D/L rate/hour $30 Youngstown has a traditional cost system. It calculates a plant-wide overhead rate by dividing total overhead costs by total direct labor hours. Assume‚ for the calculations below‚ that plant overhead is a committed (fixed) cost during the year‚ but that direct labor is a variable cost. 1. Calculate the plant-wide overhead rate. Use this rate to assign overhead costs to products and calculate the profitability of the four products. The assignment
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TYPES OF COSTS Introduction :-Production is the result of services rendered by various factors of production.The producer or firm has to make payments for this factor services. From the point of view of the factor inputs it is called ‘factor income’ while for the firm it is ‘factor payment’‚ or cost of inputs.Generally‚ the term cost of production refers to the ‘money expenses’ incurredin the production of a commodity. But money expenses are not the only expensesincurred on the production
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4-1 4 Income Statement Usefulness Predicting future performance. 4-2 Evaluate past performance. Help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows. Income Statement Limitations Companies omit items that cannot be measured reliably. 4-3 Income is affected by the accounting methods employed. Income measurement involves judgment. Income Statement Quality of Earnings Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or
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