EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT R E S E A R C H C E N T R E MANAGING URBAN TRAFFIC CONGESTION Summary Document T R A N S P O R T JOINT TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE In January 2004‚ the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) brought together their transport research capabilities in setting up the Joint Transport Research Centre. The Centre has 50 full members from Asia-Pacific‚ Europe and
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of Company Gap‚ Inc. is an apparel retailer consisting of five brands: Gap‚ Banana Republic‚ Old Navy‚ Piperlime and Athleta. The Gap was founded in the early 1970’s for a period sold Levi Strauss & Co. blue jeans. Gap entered the international markets in the late 1980’s and reached the peak of its success in the 1990’s. Gap was the largest pure apparel company in the world‚ with a growing international empire and significant brand recognition for each of its companies. However Gap’s period of
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are displayed in Exhibit 2 (p. 491) along with the product and packaging costs. Based on this information‚ discuss the relative merits of using a cost-based‚ demand-based‚ or competition-based pricing method. COST-BASED PRICING: This procedure‚ on the part of Cowgirl Chocolates could be utilized for pricing through lowering the cost of packaging and advertising as well. The Cowgirl Chocolate has already created a website (http://www.cowgirlchocolates.com/) that could process the advertising target
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ticket‚ and (c) a checking account? 2 Under what conditions would a camera manufacturer adopt a skimming price approach for a new product? A penetration approach? 3 What are some similarities and differences between skimming pricing‚ prestige pricing‚ and above-market pricing? 4 Touché Toiletries Inc. has developed an addition to its Lizardman Cologne line tentatively branded Ode d’Toade Cologne. Unit variable costs are 45 cents for a 3-ounce bottle‚ and heavy advertising expenditures in the first
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More notes about domestic TP There are no cash flows associated with transfer pricing. In a decentralized firm‚ transfer prices generally play two important roles: 1. Allocate profits between different tax jurisdictions for taxation purposes 2. Coordinate economic activity within the firm Firms can choose to use different transfer prices for taxes and financial/internal reporting. The use of transfer prices allows central management to generate individual profit figures for different divisions
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common factors. While several macroeconomic variables do have some relationship with different risky assets‚ the APT postulates that the pricing of risky assets depends only on the set of variables whose influence is felt significantly by all risky assets together. This set of variables is known as the common factors of the APT.” (Otuteye 1998) An arbitrage pricing theory is basically a theory that is copied from an issue model‚ using alteration or expansion and arbitrage arguments. This theory explains
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INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………... IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF BRAND EXTENSION……………………... ANSOFF’S GROWTH SHARE MATRIX……………………………………... TYPES OF BRAND EXTENSION……………………………………………… ADVANTAGES & DISADVATAGES OF BRAND EXTENSION…………… EXAMPLES FROM CORPORATE……………………………………………. CONCLUSION…………………………………………….................................. REFRENCES……………………………………………………………………… 3 4 5 7 9 14 16 17 INTRODUCTION Definition: Brand extension is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with
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Analyst‚ Jeffrey Bruner‚ uses the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to help identify mispriced securities. However‚ a consultant suggests Bruner to use Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) instead. As the following‚ it will mention the role of CAPM in the modern portfolio management; to clarify the APT faction and explain the reasons why should Bruner use APT to help identify mispriced securities. In modern portfolio management‚ the role of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model that attempts to describe
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Research Paper “Brand recall of car manufacturing companies (in India)” INTRODUCTION While automobiles were introduced to India in the late 1890 ’s‚ the manufacturing industry only took off after independence in 1947. The protectionist economic policies of the government gave rise in the 1950 ’s to the Hindustan Motors Ambassador‚ which is still ubiquitous in the roads and highways of India. Hindustan Motors and a few smaller manufacturers such as Premier Automobiles‚ TATA Motors‚ Bajaj
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the oldest and biggest cosmetic brands in the world has successfully transformed itself from a single skin care brand to a trustworthy and contemporary personal care brand for all family types. The brand stretched itself by sub-branding to many new segments‚ always nursing the core mother brand NIVEA and its “Gestalt”. [Company Background] Background As 2005 drew to a close‚ executives at Beiersdorf’s (BDF) Cosmed division [Brand DNA] NIVEA‚ the largest cosmetics brand in the world‚ had successfully
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