asleep. Stimuli such as touch or sound may terminate the episode‚ which usually has a duration of seconds to minutes. This condition may occur in normal subjects or be associated with narcolepsy‚ cataplexy‚ and hypnagogic hallucinations. The pathophysiology of this condition is closely related to the normal hypotonia that occur during REM sleep.[1] When considered to be a disease‚ isolated sleep paralysis is classified as MeSH D020188.[2] Physiologically‚ it is closely related to the paralysis
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The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Skin Abstract The 5-HT3 receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel located in the central and peripheral nervous system; it has also been detected on a variety of other cells. In the periphery‚ it is found on autonomic neurons and on neurons of the sensory and enteric nervous system. In the CNS‚ the 5-HT3 receptor has been localized in the area postrema‚ nucleus tractus solitarii‚ nucleus vaudatus‚ nucleus accumbens‚ amygdala‚ hippocampus‚ entorhinal‚
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Mechanisms of Occlusion Most MIs are caused by a disruption in the vascular endothelium associated with an unstable atherosclerotic plaque that stimulates the formation of an intracoronary thrombus‚ which results in coronary artery blood flow occlusion. If such an occlusion persists long enough (20 to 40 min)‚ irreversible myocardial cell damage and cell death will occur.5 The development of atherosclerotic plaque occurs over a period of years to decades
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AFFECTING HYPERTENSION FACTORS THAT CAN BE CHANGED Sedentary Lifestyle Those who do not exercise are more likely to develop hypertension. These people tend to have higher heartbeat rates than those who work out‚ and this forces the heart to work harder during each contraction. This puts more pressure on the arteries‚ so the propensity for heart diseases or heart attacks becomes greater. A sedentary lifestyle is also a precursor to being overweight or obese‚ which is another hypertension risk factor
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he pathophysiology of ADHD is unclear and there are a number of competing theories.[87] Research on children with ADHD has shown a general reduction of brain volume‚ but with a proportionally greater reduction in the volume of the left-sided prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the core ADHD features of inattention‚ hyperactivity‚ and impulsivity may reflect frontal lobe dysfunction‚ but other brain regions particularly the cerebellum have also been implicated.[88] Neuroimaging studies
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Caitlin Collins Anatomy Dec.2013 Good afternoon Mr. Lowe‚ my name is Caitlin and I am the education nurse. I want to talk to you about your recent diagnosis of hypertension or high blood pressure. First and foremost Mr. Lowe‚ I would like to explain to you what high blood pressure is then we will go on to talk about what are some thing you can do to keep your blood pressure normal and where it is supposed to be. High blood pressure is the pressure your blood is traveling through your
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in the year 2000 (Ozougwu‚ Obimba‚ Belonwu‚ & Unakalamba‚ 2013). Diabetes has four classifications: diabetes mellitus type one‚ diabetes mellitus type two‚ gestational diabetes and juvenile diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pathophysiology of diabetes type one‚ type two‚ gestational‚ and juvenile diabetes‚ describe the purpose and use of regular insulin and discuss the impact of diabetes on the patients. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes The symptoms in type one diabetes are usually
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Stroke Pathophysiology Sid Shah‚ MD Pathophysiology of Stroke Sid Shah‚ MD Page 2 of 14 Stroke Pathophysiology Introduction The two major mechanisms causing brain damage in stroke are‚ ischemia and hemorrhage. In ischemic stroke‚ which represents about 80% of all strokes‚ decreased or absent circulating blood deprives neurons of necessary substrates. The effects of ischemia are fairly rapid because the brain does not store glucose‚ the chief energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic
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Most theories on the pathophysiology of depression are based on measurement of indirect markers‚ neuro-imaging techniques‚ and post-mortem studies. Studies show that depression starts with abnormalities in the areas of the brain that are responsible for reward response‚ mood regulation‚ and executive functions. The neuro-imaging and post-mortem studies have indicated morphological changes shown by reductions in grey-matter volume and glial density in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus‚ which
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Chronic pancreatitis pathophysiology is unclear. However‚ Long tern alcohol use causes hypersecretion of protein in pancreatic productions‚ this then causes protein plugs and calculi to form inside the pancreatic channels. Therefore‚ alcohol abuse has a direct poisonous impact on the cells of the pancreas. Subsequently‚ patients with eating regimens such as low protein and high or low in fat are more at risk. Smoking is another aspect on the improvement of chronic pancreatitis (J V. Tsirambidis‚
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