CRIME AND POLICING IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS Etannibi e.o. ALEMIKA Innocent c. Chukwuma CLEEN Foundation Page 2 6/29/2005 © CLEEN FOUNDATION 2004 ISBN: 978-35160-9-4 CLEEN FOUNDATION 1A Afolabi Aina street Off Allen Avenue Ikeja‚ Lagos – Nigeria Telephones: 234-1-4933195; 4935338; 4935339 E-Mail: cleen@cleen.org CLEEN Foundation Page 3 6/29/2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Aknowledgements v Preface Etannibi E.O. Alemika and Innocent C. Chukwuma vi Welcoming Address
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the researcher used Quantitative data collection methods. Using qualitative data collection method‚ it rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce results that are easy to summarize‚ compare‚ and generalize. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question‚ participants
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Data Collection and Analysis The research project chosen was the comparison of the 12 ounce cans of Pepsi and Coke. The research team of five‚ individually purchased and tested 3 cans each of Pepsi and Coke. Enclosed below will be the procedure which was followed to obtain the data. The methodology used to measure the liquid was changed to accommodate the way that the tools recorded the measurements. The implications of the changes will be discussed to show that the integrity of the process was
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INCOME TAX NOTES Residential Status and Incidence of Tax According to Section 5 of the Income Tax Act the scope of total Income of an assessee depends on his residential status.On the basis of residential status assessee are classified under the following two categories: 1. Resident 2. Non-resident. As per as resident individuals and Hindu Undivided Families are concerned‚ they can be further divided into two categories: 1. Ordinarily Resident 2. Not ordinarily Resident. Residential
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Ninad J Panchakshari Mcom. FCA‚ Nashik What is Tax Planning? Tax planning is an essential part of your financial planning. Efficient tax planning enables you to reduce your tax liability to the minimum. This is done by legitimately taking advantage of all tax exemptions‚ deductions rebates and allowances while ensuring that your investments are in line with your long-term goals. However in a broader sense tax planning is not to save the tax for current financial year but also make an effective
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government losing money from tax avoidance. The BBC reported that some multinational companies use tax avoidance strategy to decrease the tax. It seems like these companies are lack of corporate social responsibility. However‚ tax avoidance does not equal to tax evasion. Some individuals assert that the government should publish a new policy to stop tax avoidance. While many others argue that it is blameless economic activity in the economic market to reduce the tax. Personally‚ I am in favor of
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by the amount of the tax. There are two types of indirect taxes: 1) a specific tax : this is a fixed amount of tax per unit imposed upon a product and 2) an ad valorem tax: this is where the tax is a percentage of the selling price. When an indirect tax is imposed on a product it affects both consumers and producers. Part of the tax is paid by consumers and another part is paid by producers. The tax burden is shared between the two. The burden of a tax is referred to as tax incidence. The allocation
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ImRetiree Preference is towards 3% tax on retail sales. The ratio of tax distribution is most equitable in retail tax. I believe that every individual is responsible for contributing to the nation’s tax revenue despite age‚ but I believe that retirees should have the least contribution as they have already paid their dues to society from all the years they have previously worked. With this in mind‚ the retail tax is the fairest solution due to it being the most equal in distribution. Each group
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marginal tax rate is the rate of tax he/she pays on the last dollar of income earned assuming there is nothing else affecting the individual. In this question‚ Sandra has no dependants or other sources of income so there is nothing else affecting her. An effective marginal tax rate of 40% applies to Sandra. This includes the top tax rate of 30% applicable to taxable income of $56‚000 and the student loan standard rate of 10%. (A) - The 30% rate would be Sandra’s base marginal tax rate without
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the legal concept of gender equality is entrenched in the 1948 universal declaration of Human Rights. It was also stated again in the 1979 United Nations Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. In a society like Nigeria‚ which is a largely patriarchal society‚ women tend to be comfortable to certain close-ended function in the society. It has also been confirmed that though men and women are supposed to be complementary partners in society ’s overall progress‚ women
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