School of Chemistry University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Chemistry 220 Organic Chemistry 2012 LABORATORY MANUAL It is a legal requirement that are worn in this room at all times. Sunglasses (normal or prescription) are NOT to be worn as a substitute for safety glasses. Prescription glasses (except sunglasses) are acceptable PROVIDED THEY COVER THE EYES COMPLETELY. Some types of contact lens should not be worn in the laboratory. Check with your lens supplier. All shoes MUST be
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THE CONTINUOUS BREWING OF BEER Beer is produced commercially by the controlled fermentation of wort‚ a liquid rich in sugars‚ nitrogenous compounds‚ sulphur compounds and trace elements extracted from malted barley. Fermentation is the process by which glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide and is expressed chemically as: C6H12O6 + 2PO43- + 2ADP → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP Behind this simplified chemical reaction is a series of complex biochemical reactions. These reactions (known as the
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NOTES AND COMMENT 343 DETERMINATION OF CHLOROPHYLL AND PHEO-PIGMENTS : SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EQUATIONS~ It has been shown that chlorophyll degradation products may at times constitute a significant fraction of the total green pigments present in seawater (Yentsch and Menzel 1963; Lorenzen 1965; Yentsch 1965). These degraded forms‚ or inactive chlorophyll‚ absorb light in the red part of the spectrum; if they are present in concentrations significant relative to chlorophyll a‚ a serious error
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1 TOPIC 4 Course Learning Outcomes Able to : 1. Explain the fundamental concepts & theories of separation techniques in SFC & SFE. 2. Sketch‚ label the schematic diagrams & discuss the function of each component in SFC & SFE. 3. Identify the strength & limitations of SFC & SFE technique. 4. Suggest and justify the most suitable & efficient separation technique to be employed for an analysis. 2 What is supercritical fluid? 3 Critical temperature (Tc) for any substance is a temperature
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Abstract In the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-Ibuprofen‚ the compound is synthesized in nonracemic form directly from an achiral precursor. First‚ racemic ibuprofen was converted to aN achiral ketene via the acid chloride by adding thionyl chloride followed by triethylamine. Then‚ ketene was reacted with a chiral and nonracemic (S)-ethyl lactate produces a mixture of diasteromeric esters of ibuprofen derivatives where (S) configuration is predominantly. Finally‚ hydrolysis of the ester then provides
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Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: using Waste Cooking Oil as feedstock and Candida Antarctica Lipase B as Biocatalyst. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTON The high cost of bio-diesel‚ compared to petroleum-based diesel‚ is a major barrier to its commercialization. It has been reported that 60-90% of bio-diesel cost arises from the cost of the feedstock oil (C.C. Lai et al.‚ 2005). Studies showed the potential of waste-cooking oil (WCO) as a material for biodiesel production
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Chapter 1 Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds. (Covered material: 1.1 - 1.8; 1.12 - 1.17) 1. Structural Theory – most fundamental theory of Organic Chemistry (developed independently by A. Kekule‚ A. Couper and A. Butlerov between 1858 and 1861). Organic Compounds – compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Other elements frequently found in organic compounds are: oxygen‚ nitrogen and halogens (F‚ Cl‚ Br‚ I); less frequently found are: sulfur and phosphorus. Review Periodic Table for determining valence
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ICO1: The principles of infection prevention and control. Oct 2014 Written by Laura Shaw Q: 1.1 Explain employee’s roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection. Employees roles and responsibilities in the care industry are all different but the one thing they all have a responsibility to do is they must always be aware of and report any individuals health changes and they also have a responsibility to keep all work areas and equipment clean
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RCA Critical Cleaning Process This paper was especially prepared by Werner Kern‚ the inventor of the RCA clean. Introduction The manufacturing of a silicon integrated circuit (IC) requires 500-600 process steps‚ depending on the specific type of device. Most steps are performed as unit processes with the complete wafers before dicing them into individual chips. Approximately 30% of the steps are cleaning operations‚ which indicate the importance of cleaning and surface conditioning. The device
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Assignments in Science Class X (Term II) 4 Carbon and its Compounds IMPORTANT NOTES 9. Unsaturated organic compounds : Organic compounds in which a double or a triple bond exists between two carbon atoms in a carbon chain‚ are called unsaturated organic compounds. 10. Hydrocarbons : Organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbons. 11. Straight chain hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons‚ in which all the carbon atoms are linked to one another in a straight chain
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