PROTIEN Question (1): Define and distinguish primary structure‚ secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. Protein Structures: Primary structure Primary structure of protein is its unique sequence of amino acids forming its polypeptide chain. The primary structure of a protein is starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C). Secondary structure Most proteins have segments of their polypeptide chain repeatedly coiled of folded in patterns. These coiled & folded
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membrane-bounded sac that stores proteins‚ pigments‚ and waste materials. The central vacuole‚ in most mature plants‚ occupies a major portion of the internal volume of the cell and has a phospholipid bilayer. Inside the nucleus‚ an organelle with a phospholipid bilayer that regulates cell activity‚ the DNA is wrapped tightly around proteins and packaged into compacts units called chromosomes. The DNA is double stranded. Also inside the nucleus is the nucleolus that is made of protein and ribosomal DNA (rDNA)
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Short answer questions – generally complex by their nature and require knowledge and integration of several different concepts 1. Explain what are the end goals of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Outline the steps both procedures share and the step(s) specific for each procedure. • Reproductive Cloning- Reproductive cloning is a type of cloning which is performed for the purpose of creating a duplicate copy of another organism. It is accomplished using a process called somatic cell
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SUMMARIES AT END OF CHAPTERS UNIT 1 Macromolecules * Large molecules sometimes composed of a large number of repeating subunits * Four major classes: Carbohydrates (made of simple sugar/glucose)‚ Lipids (Glycerol and Fatty Acids)‚ Proteins (Amino Acids) and Nucleic Acids (Nucleotides) * Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis: a reaction that creates a covalent bond between two interacting subunits. Removal of H from one functional group and an OH from the other‚ and the H
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environment. It is what decides what can go in and out of the cell. The cell membrane is usually composed of a double layer of fat. This layer is referred to as the lipid bilayer. Within this layer‚ special proteins are embedded‚ usually referred to as membrane proteins or membrane transport proteins.
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PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS 28/11/13 Qn. Which two of the four macromolecules do you believe to be the most important for life? Give evidence to support your suggestion (include a full description of the macromolecules you describe both in terms of structure and function) Introduction All the four macromolecules=lipids‚ proteins‚ carbohydrates and nucleic acids= are essential for the functioning of an organism ’s body (Campbell‚ biology). They work hand in hand to help us survive. For example
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Biol GOD Notes. First Edition 1 L. Leong 2012 Chapter 1: Molecules of Life Cell Theory ∝ All living things are composed of cells and the products of cells ∝ Cells are the basic functional unit of life ∝ All cells arise from pre-existing cells Living Things Unicellular: consisting of one cell Multicellular: composed of many cells ∝ All living things: grow and develop‚ regulate metabolic processes‚ move‚ respond to stimuli‚ reproduce AUTOTROPHS: manufacture their own organic carbon compounds
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Human Physiology Exam 1 Part 2 Study Guide Chapter 1 Define homeostasis * Maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment. Composition‚ temperature and volume of extracellular fluid do not change significantly under normal conditions Know the components of a homeostatic control mechanism * Regulated Variable- Regulated to stay within relatively narrow limits * Set Point- normal desire value * Error Signal- difference between the actual value and the set point
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Chapter 3 Molecules of Life I. Carbon 1. 6 electrons- (4 valence) has the ability to bond with 4 other elements 2. Hydrocarbons- (contains only C & H) 3. Asymmetric carbon- attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms II. Isomers - Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structure and properties 1. Structural- differ in covalent arrangement of their atoms and may differ in location of double bonds 2. Geometric- same structure different arrangement 3. Enantiomer/stereoisomer
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enzymes and catalysts can be used again and again. Enzymes are protein chains that have a primary‚ secondary and tertiary structure. Their primary structure shows the order and types of amino acids used to form the protein chain. The secondary structure shows the basic folding of the protein and is held in place by hydrogen bonds. The tertiary structure shows a more complex folding which gives it its globular shape. The tertiary folding of the enzyme also gives it its active site. The active sit of
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