functions. One of the main functions is to help in digestion. The largest solid organ in the body‚ situated in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side. The liver has a multitude of important and complex functions‚ including to manufacture proteins‚ including albumin (to help maintain the volume of blood) and blood clotting factors; to synthesize‚ store‚ and process fats‚ including fatty acids (used for energy) and cholesterol; to metabolize and store
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single-stranded‚ genome with negative-sense‚ unsegmented‚ enveloped RNA virus (Fig. A). The genetic data is packaged as a ribonucleoprotein complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The RNA genome of the virus encodes five proteins. The five proteins are
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BIO- FINAL EXAM REVEW SHEET This is a comprehensive review of material from exams 1-3. Please study your class notes/powerpoint slides and read the chapters listed in your syllabus to study for all new material. What are the characteristics of living organisms? Acquire and use energy Made up of other cells Process information Can replicate itself (can reproduce) Population evolves (they evolve) What are the characteristics of cells? Contain genetic information Can duplicate themselves
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evolved from prokaryotes SIMILARITIES building blocks carbon compounds amino acids‚ nucleotides‚ fatty acids‚ monosaccharides Functioning units proteins‚ nucleic acids‚ lipids‚ carbohydrates information storage info expression DNA‚ use the same language‚ genes RNA‚ information transfer‚ same language Protein prduction Proteins are made the same way - by the ribosome metabolism use many of the same biochemical pathways Cellular boundary plasma membrane Cell wall ridgidity‚ cellular
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Helical polymer of actin protein; two protofilaments. Smallest cytoskeleton diameter (3-6nm) structure Thinner‚ shorter‚ more flexible than microtubes. One basic 7subunit‚ globular actin. Structurally polar. Have fast reaction to stimuli. What super structures do they form? 1.Microvilli; structure of microfilaments lining the edge of cell 2.Stress fibers; antiparallel of actin bundles‚ contractile forces‚ wound healing ect. 3.Lamellipodia; sheet lik1.Nucleating proteins; Arp2/3 ce projections
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cells like plants and animals are. Also a virus does not have a cell membrane as many living cells do. They can’t grow on their own or undergo division. A virus is so small that they can only be seen with an electron microscope. They consist of a protein coat‚ which contains either DNA or RNA‚ and are not made up of cells. Therefore‚ a virus is not alive in the form of independent living. A virus can’t reproduce on its own. It requires a living host cell to reproduce because without it viruses act
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these functions‚ and in each case‚ anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular matrix. ANCHORING JUNCTIONS Three types of anchoring junctions are observed‚ and differ from one another in the cytoskeletal protein anchor as well as the transmembrane linker protein that extends through the membrane: | JUNCTION
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sequence. Valid only for prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Protein Sequencing vs. DNA sequencing * We compare protein sequences‚ not DNA‚ because protein is more conserved in evolution than DNA * The organism’s survival depends on the protein being functional‚ which means having the proper amino acids sequence * Since the genetic code is degenerate‚ many different DNA sequences will give identical proteins. * The protein 3-dimensional structure is even more conserved‚ because
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PROTIEN Question (1): Define and distinguish primary structure‚ secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. Protein Structures: Primary structure Primary structure of protein is its unique sequence of amino acids forming its polypeptide chain. The primary structure of a protein is starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C). Secondary structure Most proteins have segments of their polypeptide chain repeatedly coiled of folded in patterns. These coiled & folded
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composed of a phospholipid‚ proteins and carbohydrates. The phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer with the hydrophilic ends facing out and the hydrophobic ends facing the inside of bilayer. Membranes can contain phospholipids with different fatty acids which affects the strength and flexibility of the membrane. There are two different proteins in cell membranes. One is a protein that spans from one side of the membrane to the other‚ known as an integral protein. Integral proteins are usually involved
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