Biology Final Review Chapter 1 Biology unifies much of natural science * Living systems: most complex chemical systems on Earth * Constrained by properties of chemistry and physics * Science is becoming more interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields) 7 characteristics of all living organisms 1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow‚ develop‚ and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance
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guide the synthesis of proteins. [1] They are very large molecules built from subunits called nucleotides. All nucleotides have a common structure: a phosphate group linked by a phosphodiester bond to a pentose (a five-carbon sugar molecule) that in turn is linked to an organic base. [2] Figure 1. General structure of a nucleotide One type of nucleic acid is the ribonucleic acid (RNA). The RNA is single-stranded used for the coding of the primary sequence of amino acids to make proteins‚ and is
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BIOL 111 Test 1 Study Guide Please note that this is just a guide to help you with your studies. There might be additional information that was talked about in class that is not on this guide. Chap 1 Definitions of Homeostasis - ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously; maintaining the internal environment within physiological units External stimuli – intense heat or cold Internal stimuli – psychological stresses‚ exercise
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reactions construct complex substances from simpler ones. · Anabolic processes use energy. · Protein synthesis is an example of an anabolic process. Protein Synthesis · Proteins are long chains of amino acids. · There are 20 common amino acids. · Instruction for the assembly of proteins (the number and sequence of the amino acids) is carried by DNA in the cell nucleus. · Ribosomes are protein construction sites. · Most ribosomes line the endoplasmic
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initiation codon and it initiates the translation process‚ which is necessary for formation of a protein. The last codon is known as a Stop codon as it stops the translation process to end the addition of amino acids to protein chain. In absence of Stop codon the protein formation is never completed as there would uninhibited addition of amino acids. What meaning do these mRNA codons have for protein synthesis? Explanation: The mRNA codon sequences specify for respective amino acid. More than one trinucleotide
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action‚ DNA replication and protein synthesis 2. The different ways in which organisms use ATP OR ATP and its roles in living organisms The nature/structure of ATP and its importance as energy currency. Production and use of ATP in cytoplasm by glycolysis Production of ATP by mitochondria in Krebs cycle and ETS – aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration. Role of chloroplasts in ATP production via light independent reaction Uses e.g. Active transport (carrier protein shape changes)‚ Nerve action
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Digestive System Notes 2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal; then separately list the accessory organs of the digestive system. a. Mouth—the oral cavity. b. Pharynx—extends from the back of the nasal cavity to the top of the esophagus. c. Esophagus—extends from the pharynx to the stomach. d. Stomach—just below the diaphragm on the lefi side of the body. e. Small intestine—extends from the stomach to the large intestine. f. Large intestine—extends from the small intestine to the
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3b. Describe the steps involved in the synthesis‚ packaging‚ and export of a protein from a cell. The steps involved in the synthesis‚ packing‚ and export of a protein from a cell are first‚ the ribosome makes a protein. Next‚ the proteins‚ gathered in the rough ER‚ are targeted for export to the Golgi apparatus in a vesicle. Finally‚ the Golgi apparatus modifies the protein that is than are shipped out of the cell. 4a. What is the function of mitochondria
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Introduction Genetics: the science‚ which deals with the principles of heredity and variation. Heredity: transmission of characters from parents to their off spring. Variation: Differences for various characters among the individuals of the same species. Types of variation: 1. Environmental and 2. Hereditary 1. Heredity variation: Variation observed among the individuals of the same species due to difference in their genetic constitution is termed as heredity variation. 2. Environmental variation:
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on DNA strand. a. DNA polymerase b. RNA polymerase c. DNA helicase d. A & C 4. Operator is a site where‚ a. DNA polymerase binds b. Repressor protein binds c. RNA polymerase binds d. DNA helicase binds 5. Mutation is defined as _________________. a. A permanent change in DNA b. A permanent change in RNA c. A permanent change in protein 6. Lactose operon is induced when- a. Glucose is absent b. Lactose is absent c. Lactose is present d. A & c are true e. All of the above 7. The
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