B I O L O G Y 130 INTRODUCTORY CELL BIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES Department of Biology University of Waterloo Fall‚ 2012 BIOL 130 LECTURE NOTES Fall‚ 2012 a Lecture Notes This booklet contains the notes that will be presented as part of the online modules. For copyright reasons‚ the figures that will be shown along with the notes cannot be reproduced. However‚ most of these figures come from the required course text‚ Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments‚ 6th edition
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organelles. They differ from prokaryotic cells‚ such as bacteria. The function of epithelial cells is to absorb and secrete. Epithelial cells have a nucleus which acts as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and hence protein synthesis. They also have mitochondria which are the sites of aerobic respiration. They are therefore responsible for the production of the energy carrying molecule‚ ATP‚ from carbohydrates. Epithelial cells use a lot of energy in the process of absorbing
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placed during protein synthesis or translation. The function of rRNA is just to become part of the ribosomes. 2. In what situation does RNA play a role similar to enzymes? RNA is like an enzyme when it is a catalyst and helps assist in the reduction of the activation energy which relates to tRNA when it attaches its amino acid to the rightful place. This helps construe a faster translation. 3. Are all genes expressed at all times? Explain your
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This arrangement prevents the transport of water in and out of the cell. The phospholipid bilayer also contains proteins (intrinsic) which acts as a carrier to transport water-soluble substances across the membrane. Some proteins such as carrier proteins are also embedded in the bilayer. When a molecule that is specific to the protein‚ it binds to the protein‚ which causes the carrier protein to change shape in a way that the molecule is released inside the membrane. This occurs in facilitated diffusion
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Chapter 1 Section 1 Anatomy-Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts Gross Anatomy -involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye Microscopic Anatomy-deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification Physiology-the study of function and considers the functions of the human body Anatomy and physiology are closely interrelated Theroretically Practically Anatomical
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II. Synthesis This activity helps me to understand myself better by knowing what people think of me. It aims to foster self-awareness and self-improvement. I found out that my family thinks that I am a responsible person in terms of sense of responsibility. But my brother thinks I’m immature. In terms of duties at home‚ my mother and father understand that I don’t perform my duties because I’m busy with my studies. My sister thinks it too but she justified that I perform when I’m not busy. When
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------------------------------------------------- Diphtheria Diphtheria (Greek διφθέρα (diphthera) "pair of leather scrolls") is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae‚ a facultative anaerobic‚ Gram-positive bacterium. It is characterized by sore throat‚ low fever‚ and an adherent membrane (a pseudo membrane) on the tonsils‚ pharynx‚ and/or nasal cavity. A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. Less common consequences include myocarditis (about
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the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e.‚ eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein‚ RNA‚ and DNA. Chromosome → a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells‚ carrying genetic information in the form of genes. Cristae → The infoldings or inward projections of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion‚ which are studded with proteins and increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur like cellular respiration. Cytoplasm
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that forms a double-layered cell membrane; consists of a glycerol‚ a phosphate group; and two fatty acids. 2. Selectively permeable (Semi): Condition or quality of allowing some‚ but not all‚ materials cross a barrier or membrane. 3. Receptor: Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response. 4. Diffusion: Movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 5. Osmosis: Diffusion of water molecules
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growth‚ reproduction‚ movement‚ homeostasis‚ etc all require the input of energy. Theme 3: Information flow coordinates body functions: gene transfer from generation to generation‚ transcription and translation with a single organism to produce proteins‚ cell to cell communication involving neurotransmitters‚ hormones‚ action potentials‚ etc. and chemical communication where some molecules will cross the membranes and other must bind to receptors. Theme 4: Homeostasis maintains internal stability:
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