death resulting from tissue injury. 3. The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the cytosol 4. List three causes of cellular aging. 1)shortening and loss of protective polemeres on chromosomes‚ 2)cross-link formation between glucose and protein‚ 3)free radical formation Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. 5. Duplicated chromosomes held together by centromes are called chromatids
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of viruses Viruses considered non-living as they exist in an inert state outside of a host cell They consist of a strand of nucleic acid‚ either DNA or RNA‚ surrounded by a protective protein coat (the capsid) Sometimes they have a further membrane of lipid‚ referred to as an envelope‚ surrounding the protein Also have a tail section Transmission of viruses Viruses can be transmitted by travelling within a fluid‚ e.g. mucus droplets from a sneeze Once they have entered a living host they begin
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classified as plastids‚ and are also known as starch grains. They are responsible for the conversion of starch into sugar‚ that gives the starchy plants and tubers energy. Function: Synthesis and storage of starch granules Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane The cell membrane is a thin layer made up of proteins‚ lipids‚ and fats. It forms a protective wall around the organelles contained within the cell. It is selectively permeable and thus‚ regulates the transportation of materials needed for
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in active transport is the movement of substance in uphill direction...there is energy requirement(ATP.NA/K pump) 6.A semi permeable membrane means that the membrane is selective in what is allowed into the cell. Some items such as toxins or some proteins are too big to enter the cell with out facilitaion. Other things such as gas and water are small enough to pass through. These items are usually hydrophilic and ionic it makes them easier to pass through the membrane. So basically semi permeable
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genetic information. There are two chemically distinct types of nucleic acids. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The repository of genetic information. RNA (ribonucleic acid). “The working copies” of DNA. The copying or translation process in DNA synthesis. DNA Replication DNA replication at the biochemical level involves the copying of doubled-stranded DNA to produce a second double helix that is identical to the first
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order for the researcher to gain an understanding of enzymes in how they work‚ and the relative speed at which they carry out their processes. Before it was conducted‚ the scientist had very limited knowledge of the proteins‚ so
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These RNAs do not benefit from the extra amplification step that occurs for protein-encoding genes. e. c and d If you treat mitotic chromosomes with solutions that extract histones‚ what happens? a. The chromosomes become more condensed. b. The DNA separates into two single strands instead of remaining as a double helix. c. Histone-free DNA can be seen to extend outward as loops from a protein scaffold. d. The chromosomes precipitate. e. The chromosomes become
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material in | | | |and out of the nucleus | |2 |Chromatin (DNA) |Made up of DNA and protein‚ packages DNA into a | | | |smaller volume to fit in the cell and serves as a | | | |mechanism
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Organelles are small membranous bodies‚ each with a specific structure and function. Prokaryotes do have cytoplasm‚ which is the material bounded by a plasma membrane and cell wall. This contains ribosomes‚ small granules that coordinate the synthesis of proteins. Prokaryotes also have a nucleoid which is the inner interior of the cell where the DNA is organized and stored but not enclosed by the membrane. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bounded organelles as well as a nucleus. Their DNA is in a
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identical to the cell membrane. It is composed of proteins‚ phospholipids and carbohydrates that are arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. Nucleus; the nucleus is the control centre of the whole cell. The nucleus of living cells contains genetic material that determines the structure and function of the cell it’s controlling. Nucleolus; the nucleolus is in the nucleus where rRNA genes exist and are transcribed. The resulting rRNAs and ribosomal proteins are combined to form the ribosomal subunits. The
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