carcinoma reveals new recurrently-mutated genes and molecular subgroups India Project Team of the International Cancer Genome Consortium1 Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB)‚ an anatomical and clinical subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)‚ is prevalent in regions where tobaccochewing is common. Exome sequencing (n ¼ 50) and recurrence testing (n ¼ 60) reveals that some significantly and frequently altered genes are specific to OSCC-GB (USP9X‚ MLL4‚ ARID2
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Bai and Wei-Guo Zhu1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology‚ Peking University Health Science Center‚ Beijing‚ China [L. Bai‚ W.-G. Zhu]; Department of Biotechnology‚ Guilin Medical College‚ Guilin‚ China [L. Bai] Since the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been found to be mutated in more than 50% of human cancers‚ it has attracted the interest of numerous researchers. The capacity of p53 for multiple biological functions can be attributed to its ability to act as a sequence-specific transcription
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the DNA sequence of our genes. Genes can be looked at as a set of instructions that tell our cells what to do. Our DNA sequence “spells out” our genes into letters. Mutations are basically errors in the “spelling” of our DNA codes. Most mutations‚ if they’re minor‚ can be fixed by our own body’s cells. Problems arise when these mutated or damaged cells begin to reproduce without restraint or when these cells suppress normal cellular growth and repair. These “cancer genes” are classified according
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"Gattaca"‚ written and directed by Andrew Niccol‚ depicts a futuristic world of a cold society‚ where one’s resume exists in their cells and genes. Although genes play a significant part to a successful life in this world‚ the path and success of one’s life is not determined solely on DNA as demonstrated by Eugene‚ Anton and in particular‚ Vincent who clearly "exceeds his potential". Vincent Freeman is cast into society’s redundant section as being an "invalid"‚ however he overcomes this burden
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Disturbances of Growth Congenital Anomalies Agnesia: complete absence of an organ. Aplasia: complete failure of development of an organ. It is represented by fibrous tissue. Hypoplasia: Failure of an organ to reach the full adult size. Atrophy Definition: decrease in size and weight of organ or tissue due to decrease in size and / or number of its cells. Atrophic cells are usually replaced by firbous tissue‚ less commonly by fatty tissue. Types of atrophy: Physiologic Atrophy: **Atrophy
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Cancer Epidemiology Cancer is not a single disease; it is a myriad or collection of diseases with many different manifestations as there are many different types of tissues and cell types Cancer is a disease of abnormal gene expression. Cells are constantly evolving and have the natural selection pressures to change Common biological properties of tumor cells: 1) Deregulated clonal cell growth- all cells in a tumor originated from one single cell that acquired mutations that made it deregulated
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put forward the major postulates of transmission genetics as a result of experiments with the garden pea. CHAPTER CONCEPTS ■ Inheritance is governed by information ■ During gamete formation‚ chromosomes stored in discrete factors called genes. ■ Genes are transmitted from generation to generation on vehicles called chromosomes. ■ Chromosomes‚ which exist in pairs‚ provide are distributed according to postulates first described by Gregor Mendel‚ based on his nineteenth-century research
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variably + size of range in optimum and therefore reduce opportunity for evolutionary change -Interspecific competition -Organism produces offspring – requires resources e.g. light‚ food‚ space -Variation in alleles already exist within population (gene pool) – due to mutation -Some individuals possess better combination of alleles making them more likely to survive completion – advantageous allele (better adaptation to survive -Selection pressures – e.g. predation‚ disease -> differential survival
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The Causes of Disease in Humans Diseases can be caused in humans in many a way. Some diseases may be pathogenic some may be caused by a lifestyle choice of an individual or an individual surrounding them‚ or some may be genetic. Pathogens are micro-organisms which cause disease some bacteria‚ fungi and all viruses are pathogens. Pathogens enter our bodies through various methods such as breaks in the skin‚ the digestive system‚ and respiratory system. Pathogens can survive in many conditions
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supplemental handout: cancer _ What is a tumor? _ What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? _ Define metastasis. _ What is the objective of most traditional cancer treatments? _ Compare and contrast oncogenes‚ proto-oncogenes‚ and tumor-suppressor genes. _ review for Test 3: Cell Biology _ will cover Chapters 7‚ 8 and supplements!! _ study guide available on moodle day do in class complete as homework 15 _ turn in: Investigating Osmosis
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