Biology 240. Spring 2014. Exam 3. Chapter 9. Proteins and Their Synthesis Four levels of protein structure (page 313) Primary: linear sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain Secondary: local regions of polypeptide chain fold into specific shapes (shapes arise from the bonding forces between amino acids close in proximity of linear sequence Tertiary: folding of the secondary structure Quaternary: protein composed of two or more separate folded polypeptides (subunits) joined by weak
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The Effectiveness of Guyabano as Medicine Guyabano (scientific name: Anona muricata) is a heart shaped fruit with 10-30 cm long and up to 15 cm in width. The skin of the fruit is leathery and covered with curved‚ soft‚ pliable spines. When the tip of these spines can break off easily‚ then the fruit is ripe enough to eat. The inside of the fruit is cream-colored and is divided into segments. Closely-packed segments are seedless and other segments have a single oval‚ smooth‚ hard black seed. One
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Company: Roche Drug Name : Trastuzumab ( trade names Herclon‚ Herceptin) (Treatment of Breast Cancer) Herceptin (trastuzumab) is a humanised monoclonal antibody‚ designed to target and block the function of HER2‚ a protein produced by a specific gene
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Chapter 15 Signal Transduction 1) Endocrine‚ paracrine ‚ autocrine signaling‚ and cell-cell contact (Fig. 15-2). Endocrine signaling is long distance signaling. An example would be pancreatic cells secreting insulin. Paracrine signaling is for close proximity. An example would be a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitters. In autocrine signaling the cell that produces the ligand also contains the receptor for that ligand. This is how cancer cells work. In signaling by plasma membrane attached
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that get breast cancer‚ a small amount‚ but there are a few. There are many causes to this cancer‚ which come from inherited genes (DNA) that can cause normal breasts to become cancerous because the developing cancer and cause run through families. For instance‚ BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes‚ which keep the cancer tumors from forming‚ but when mutated‚ these genes die and cancer is more likely to develop [ (Learn About Cancer‚ 2010) ]. Although scientists do not know the exact reason
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Undifferentiated carcinoma: Cancer cells that do not look like normal cells and multiply uncontrollably. What is lung cancer? Lung cancer is the accumulation and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung. This wild reproduction forms tumours that clog up the lung and stop it from functioning properly. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths for both men and women in Canada. Exposure to substances such as Asbestos and Arsenic Drinking water high in substances such as arsenic
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BLUEPRINT OF LIFE: CHAPTER 2 GENETICS Gregor Mendel’s experiments helped advance our knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics 2.1 GREGOR MENDEL AND THE BIRTH OF GENETICS Gregor Mendel (1822-84) – ‘the father of genetics’ Born in Austria He was an Augustinian monk He worked as a teacher and as an investigator He observed the growth of peas He recorded the ratios of characteristics that appeared in the offspring His discovery stated he observed a pattern in the inheritance of characteristics
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circular chromosome. Its genome has a total of 5.7 million base-pairs‚ with 2.8 million residing on its circular chromosome and 2.1 million residing on its linear chromosome and although most of the genes essential for its survival are located on the circular chromosome; through evolution some essential genes have migrated to the linear chromosome. Based on sequence analysis‚ it was determined that the linear chromosome was derived from a plasmid that was transformed into the bacteria. The ends of
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----------------------- Genetic Susceptibility • Different genetic abnormalities can lead to similar disease phenotypes. • Genes associated with Crohn’s disease are not implicated in Ulcerative Colitis • There is similar chromosomal susceptibility in CD and UC. Crohn’s disease Ulcerative Colitis Mutant CARD15 causes; Decreased antimicrobial peptide secretions from Paneth cells of the small intestine Defective down-regulation of innate
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though the same biotechnology can also increase chances of abnormalities to humans. Biotechnology is a huge influence for the future of humans and plays an important role in sustaining human life. The three popular aspects of biotechnology are IVF‚ Gene Therapy and Cloning and will be covered in relation to the future of us humans. One example of biotechnology is IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) which is a method where an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body. This process takes several weeks
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