GENERAL CHEMISTRY September 2011 GENERAL CHEMISTRY September 2011 ISOTOPES Atoms of a given element which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Thus‚ isotopes have the same position in the periodic table‚ the same chemical properties and the same atomic charge. The simplest example of an atom with different isotopes is hydrogen. The three isotopes of hydrogen are shown here: The increasing number of neutrons in the nucleus of the hydrogen
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are composed of particles called protons‚ electrons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge‚ electrons carry a negative electrical charge and neutrons carry no electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom‚ called the nucleus‚ and the electrons ’orbit’ the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons. Protons and neutrons are both composed
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Cellular Respiration  Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules‚ like glucose‚ to carbon dioxide and water. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2 The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The process occurs in two phases: glycolysis‚ the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water In eukaryotes‚ glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. (Link to
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Chromatography The Atomic Structure Atoms contain electrons which travel along electron shells‚ surrounding the nucleus that contains nucleons such as protons and neutrons. Electrons‚ neutrons and protons all make up an atom‚ they are called sub-atomic particles. Protons – has a relative charge of 1+ and a relative atomic mass of 1 Neutrons – are neutral‚ therefore the charge is 0. Also has a R.A.M of 1 Electrons – has a negative charge (1- )‚ and has a R
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Index Sl. No. Topic Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. The LHC 4 3. Design 5 4. Cyclotron 7 5. Mathematics 8 6. Practical Applications 9 7. Conclusion 13 8. Acknowledgement 14 9. Bibliography 14 “The beauty of living things is the atoms that go into it‚ but the way those atoms are put together.” -Carl Sagan Introduction If‚ in some cataclysm‚ all of scientific knowledge was to be destroyed‚ and
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Enzyme Report Case 1 - Hereditary Fructose Intolerance 1 & 2. Enzymes take on a variety of roles in the human body at the cellular level. Specifically‚ they aid in the breakdown of macronutrients such as glucose and fructose so that the body can use them. Although reactions within the body would occur without enzymes‚ enzymes provide control because the reaction is not needed all of the time. Enzymes function in specific environments such as temperature or pH; some enzymes are specific
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Nuclear Power Debate Year 11 Physics Gurjyot Singh Australia currently has no nuclear facilities generating electricity‚ which is forcing the Australian Government to look towards nuclear energy as a great alternative. Nuclear energy is a growing controversial topic in Australia; because the demands of utilizing electricity are increasing rapidly. According to a recent study‚ Australia has 23% of the world’s uranium deposits and is the second largest producer of uranium
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to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. There are very few strong acids. A strong acid is one that completely ionizes in water. In contrast a weak acid only partially dissociates. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl)‚ hydroiodic acid (HI)‚ hydrobromic acid (HBr)‚ perchloric acid (HClO4)‚ nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is‚ the more easily it loses a proton‚ H+. Two key factors that contribute
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electrons. protons. neutrons. isotopes. Question 2 of 20 The structural unit that retains the properties of an element is the molecule. atom. cell. electron. Question 3 of 20 Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom? Protons Neutrons Electrons A and B Question 4 of 20 The component of an atom or molecule that is most important in determining its chemical properties is the isotope. neutron. electron. proton. Question
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Chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis‚ by definition‚ is the diffusion of ions through a partially/selectively permeable membrane (down an electrochemical gradient). It is specifically refers to the flow of protons through the inner mitochondrial membrane. The main theory behind chemiosmosis is call Chemiosmosis theory‚ and was developed by Peter Mitchel in 1961. Here is a brief outline of the theory (now pretty much accepted as fact): Throughout respiration carrier molecules (NAD and FAD) are produced‚
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