fasten your seatbelt and we’ll take a cruise into the quantum mechanical hood to check it out. Pay attention to the scenery along the way so you’ll be up to speed when we get there. Matter is composed of atoms. Atomic nuclei are tightly bound protons and neutrons (1H excepted) with electrons hanging out in the electron clouds around them. Also‚ there are chemical bonds between atoms in a lot of different kinds of matter. These bonds involve the borrowing and loaning of electrons (the so-called
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Biology: * Chapter 1: The Cell * Cell Adhesion Molecules (C.A.M.’s) - proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development. * DNA→ Genes → Histones → Chromosomes (or Chromatids) * Nucleolus- synthesizes rRNA * Smooth E.R. - lipid synthesis and detox of drugs and poison * Rough E.R. – Production of proteins products * Golgi Apparatus - series of membrane bound sacs; receives materials from smooth E.R. and sends
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(4) uses of energy in biological processes (B); active transport; muscle contraction; nerve transmission; synthesis; translocation; nitrogen fixation; receptors ENERGY TRANSFERS WHICH TAKE PLACE INSIDE LIVING ORGANISMS Living organisms including all plants and animals require energy for their cellular processes. In biological processes‚ the immediate energy source is often in the form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The nucleotide ATP maintains both catabolic and anabolic reactions. An example of
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are the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small‚ but electrons are much‚ much smaller. Electrons spin around the nucleus in energy levels a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball‚ the atom would be the size of
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the amount in the diet. The ammonium ion (NH4+) is produced by the deamination of amino acids in the kidney. Ammonia is an important compound in the regulation of pH because it accepts a proton to form the ammonium ion‚ which can then be excreted in the urine. This process gives our bodies a way to remove protons from the blood. High levels of the ammonium
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the protons are not equal to the electrons ion the protons are not equal to the neutrons isotope atomic mass = mass of protons + neutrons changing the number of neutrons does not influece the mass or electrons atom behaviour is because of electrons hydrogen almost always loses its electron‚ leaving it a hydrogen ion taking away a negative charge creates a cation adding a negative charge creates an anion electronegativity is the ability to steal electrons electronegativity is influenced
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1. What is Chemistry? The study of the composition‚ structure‚ and properties of matter. The processes that matter undergoes and the energy changes that accompany these processes. 2. What is the formula for density? If I give you the density of a substance and the volume‚ you should be able to tell me the mass… Density = Mass/Volume 3. Compare and contrast intensive and extensive properties. Give an example of each. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present. Such
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down chemically into any simpler substance Nucleus-middle of the atom‚ which contains protons and neutrons Electron-tiny particle‚ which surrounds the nucleus with a negative charge Compound-when two elements react and combine together which contain more than one element. There are about 100 different elements from which all substances are made All substances are made of atoms Atomic structure Proton-is a particle at the centre of the nucleus with a positive charge Neutron-a particle
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several steps till the molecule becomes the four-carbon oxaloacetate again. More precisely‚ steps of Krebs cycle are the progressive oxidation of citric acid. Oxidation is a chemical reaction where electrons and protons are removed form molecule. In the case of TCA cycle‚ electrons and protons are switched onto two electron carriers: FADH2 and NADH‚ which can take part in the electron transport chain (Campbell & Farrell‚ 2010). Steps of citric acid cycle are completely dependent on above mentioned
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shows a shielded proton peak in the 0.9-1.7 ppm region with an integration of 3 protons as expected of the methyl group furthest away from the electron withdrawing oxygens (Figure 4). The second most shielded peak also has an integration of 3‚ and would be the methyl group attached to the ketal group. The subsequent C and E peaks have the correct integration and splitting pattern for their appropriate locations as depicted in Figure 4. The protons on D show a singlet as the protons on both carbons
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