CONTINGENCY THEORY Contingency Theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation‚ to lead a company‚ or to make decisions. Instead‚ the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. The leading practitioners of which were Tom Burns‚ Joan Woodward‚ Paul Lawrence‚ Jay Lorsch‚ and Fred Fiedler‚ an otherwise theoretically eclectic group who were nevertheless united in their belief that no single organizational
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leadership there are also many theories on how someone is able to reach the level of a leader‚ and even more so; how to become an effective leader. Two of those theories are the path-goal theory and the leadership model created by Hersey and Blanchard. In the following paragraphs the reader will receive an understanding of each theory‚ a discussion of how it is effective in an organization and then a comparison and contrast between the two. To begin with‚ the path-goal theory will be the first one covered
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Expectancy theory‚ pg. 306. Expectancy theory is based on the theory that the amount of effort that people expend depends on how much reward the expect to gain in return. It is a process theory because it tries to explain how motivation takes place for people. People will choose the assignment that has the biggest payoff and they think they are capable of handling. Expectancy theory has three basic components: valence‚ instrumentality and expectancy. Expectancy theory is comprehensive: first‚
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COHN(c) a bstraCt Many health care and academic centers have adopted Watson’s Theory of Human Caring as their guiding principle; the theory is also used in other disciplines‚ such as library science. Human caring theory offers occupational health nurses a structure that not only defines a focus for practice‚ but also provides a basis for moral and philosophical practice analyses. In particular‚ nurses may find this theory useful in confirming the definition of “caring” and reconsidering what nursing
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Nursing Theory The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) was conceived and developed during a time when Nursing lacked definition and identity within the medical community. This theory‚ not only‚ helped to move nursing from vocation to profession‚ it “is one of the most commonly used in practice” (Alligood‚ 2010‚ p 261). The SCDNT has “four structured cognitive operations: diagnostic‚ prescriptive‚ regulatory‚ and control” (Alligood‚ 2010‚ p 266). In the simplest terms this theory states
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Theory X and Theory Y In his 1960 book‚ The Human Side of Enterprise‚ Douglas McGregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories Theory X and Theory Y. Both of these theories begin with the premise that management’s role is to assemble the factors of production‚ including people‚ for the economic benefit of the firm. Beyond this point‚ the two theories of management diverge. Theory X Theory X assumes that the average
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Ass.Prof.Dr. Thamer Information theory 4th class in Communications Error Detection and Correction 1. Types of Errors Whenever bits flow from one point to another‚ they are subject to unpredictable changes because of interference. This interference can change the shape of the signal. In a single-bit error‚ a 0 is changed to a 1 or a 1 to a 0. The term single-bit error means that only 1 bit of a given data unit (such as a byte‚ character‚ or packet) is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. The term
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IT-601: THEORY OF COMPUTATION Teaching Scheme Lect 3 Prac 2 Total 5 Int Ass 30 Theory Sem End Marks Hrs 70 3 Examination Scheme Practical Sem Total Int Ass End 100 25 25 Total 50 Grand Total 150 Review Of Mathematical Background: Sets‚ Functions‚ Logical statements‚ Proofs‚ Relations‚ Languages‚ The Principal of Mathematical induction‚ the strong principle of Mathematical induction‚ Recursive definitions‚ Structural Induction. Regular Languages And Finite Automata: Regular expressions‚ Regular
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Two important personality theories are the biological theory and the humanistic theory. The biological theory is based on the premise that all people inherit their characteristics from their family. This theory basically contends that people do not have control over their behaviors because they are genetically pre-determined. The humanistic theory‚ on the other hand‚ is based on the premise that each person has free will to control their actions. This theory does not go along with the idea that behaviors
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Notes The ultimate goal of theory evaluation is to determine the potential of the theory to scientific knowledge. Hardy • Theory evaluation: o meaningful and logical adequacy o Operational and empirical adequacy o Testability o Generality o Contribution to understanding o Predictability o Pragmatic adequacy Logical adequacy (diagramming) - identifying all theoretical terms (concepts‚ constructs‚ operational definitions‚ referents). Theory is a set of interrelated concepts and statements
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