A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies. These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP‚ P3 or P3. PPP involves a contract between a public sector authority and a private party‚ in which the private party provides a public service or project and assumes substantial financial‚ technical and operational risk in the project. In some types of PPP‚ the
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With the aid of examples explain the terms: i) Externality ii) Public Good Externality Externalities‚ or transaction spillovers‚ arise when a third party who is not involved in the consumption of a product incur certain costs and benefits that are not compensated for by the generators of those externalities. They exist due to the price system’s (The Invisible Hand) inability to deal with products that have no market or price‚ such as clean air‚ peace‚ quiet‚ pollution and more
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Today’s public administrators face many dilemmas in regard to ethical conduct. This is not because today’s public administrators are inherently evil. This is mainly due to the elevated level of scrutiny placed on today’s public administrators. Network television and the emergence of the internet have facilitated this scrutiny; however the blame cannot be solely attributed to these forms of media. Some public administrators make questionable moral decisions that help amplify the public perception
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Wohl (1983) gave a well researched historical account of public health and development in Britain from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century. The devastating poverty and poor physical health of most of the population‚ lucidly described by the author‚ were horrendous. At the beginning of the Victorian period few people were free from disease‚ stench and impure water. The marked socioeconomic differences‚ intolerable living conditions and poor working conditions (although not a
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organizations‚ such as public sectors. Moreover‚ due to several deficiencies and drawbacks of government accounting and financial-management systems‚ such as unclear accountability‚ poorly maintained assets and hided losses and long-term liabilities‚ reforms in the public sector have been conducted over the last several decades across the word from New Zealand‚ Australia to England (Ball and et al‚ 1999). Accounting innovation by implementing accrual accounting in the public sector is one of the major
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what modern day PR is‚ Warnaby & Moss (2002) state that “Public relations is the art and social science of analyzing trends‚ predicting their consequences‚ counseling organisation leaders and implementing planned programs of action which will serve both the organization’s and the public interest.” This definition highlights several aspects that are important to a modern PR professional; trends‚ public interest & planned action. Modern public relations is always facing new challenges and trends as
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the government would appoint officers to hold public services posts at various levels. The administration of a government agency would be incomplete without financial allocation to pay for all its activities. To finance the agencies‚ a yearly allocation is given based on their financial needs to enable the agencies to carry out activities and responsibilities entrusted to them. At present‚ the agencies established are responsible for providing public services in the field of social (welfare)‚ economy
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Fears and Concerns about Public Speaking Fears and Concerns about Public Speaking There are many things in this world that one can have a fear of. One could be scared of bugs‚ the dark‚ or heights; but a major fear is the fear of having to speak in public. In everyday life public speaking is necessary‚ whether it be in a social or professional setting. My biggest fears and concerns about public speaking are being the center of attention‚ rejection‚ and failure. Being the center of attention
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Driving your Own Car or using Public Transportation As long as cities are sequentially growing‚ people need to travel trough long distances to get from one place to another. By the increasing of those necessities‚ people choose between using their own car and drive along the roads or‚ not spending too much money and using public transportation. Both choices have many good benefits. Driving your own car might cost a lot of money; regarding to the cost of cars these days. But‚ safety is more
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of a good whereby one person ’s use diminishes other people ’s use (Mankiw‚ 2007). Public goods are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption (Colander‚ 2004). Examples of public goods are street lights and road signs. Common resources are non-excludable but rival in consumption (Mankiw‚ 2007). Examples of common resources are public parks and waiting area in post office. If one person were to provide a public good‚ other people would be better off (Mankiw‚ 2007). They would receive a benefit
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