3.7.2 Knowing what it is like‚ Van Gulick optimistic’s point of view Multiple realization implies that any given creature with a brain suitable to interact with the world has a very rich mental life‚ and should have conscious experience. According to Nagel “… fundamentally an organism has conscious mental states if and only if there is something chat it is like to be that organism something it is like for the organism. We may call this the subjective character of experience” (Nagel‚ 1974/2002‚
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Reductive physicalism is the belief that “the only objects‚ properties‚ and events in the world” are ones of a physical nature (Ravenscroft 2005: 193)‚ so everything in the world can explained by physical processes. Although this belief has become significantly more popular with the advancement of neuroscience. As Papineau highlights “we find it very difficult to absorb this lesson” (Papineau 2010: 5). One argument against this belief is the ‘philosophical zombies argument’ which purports to cause
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I chose this article from http://io9.com/the-7-most-intriguing-philosophical-arguments-for-the-e-1507393670 (I copied it over to Word because the ads and pop-ups and pictures would have made for a difficult read as well as a lengthy print). I chose this article not because I am either a Bible-Banging Christian who would love to throw proof into Theist’s faces nor because I am a Theist that wants to scream “Science!” and rub Bible Banger nose’s in it. I found this interesting one because it is not
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Nagel argues‚ “The fact that an organism has conscious experience at all means‚ basically‚ that there is something it is like to be that organism.” (Nagel‚ p. 1). Therefore‚ our thoughts‚ ideas‚ emotions are the equivalent of chemical reactions. Our emotions and thoughts can cause a chemical code that affects the way our body and mind interrupts things. The way our bodies react to certain stimuli when conscious or unconscious can be different. An example would be that while I am at the doctor’s
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Paul M. Churchland is a Canadian-native philosopher known for his specialty in the philosophy of the mind and neurophilosophy. As a previous professor at the University of California‚ San Diego‚ Churchland is a major proponent of the theory of eliminative materialism which he discusses in more detail in his article “Functionalism and Eliminative Materialism.” Churchland provides a great depth of the issues and differing positions associated with the mind-body problem‚ and I will work to defend Churchland’s
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Cognitive mapping What is cognitive mapping? A cognitive map is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire code‚ store‚ recall‚ and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. It is the means through which people process their environment‚ solve problems and use memory. This concept was introduced by Edward Tolman in 1948. Cognitive maps have been studied in various fields‚ such
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In philosophy of the mind‚ functionalism is a theory where psychological processes‚ or mental states‚ are classified by their functional role. Each mental state is related to inputs‚ outputs‚ and other mental states. Basing mental states on the function‚ rather than the underlying structure of mental states‚ allows for multiple realizability to be achieved. This is the concept that a mind can be constructed without biological means. In other words‚ functionalism provides the necessary framework needed
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The Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence By Matt Mahoney‚ Nov. 17‚ 2007 When we are able to create machines smarter than humans‚ then those machines could do likewise‚ but much faster. The result will be an explosion of intelligence‚ and according to Vernor Vinge‚ the end of the human era. The Friendly AI Problem The Singularity Institute was founded to counter the threat of unfriendly artificial intelligence‚ losing control of the machines we have built‚ but the problem remains unsolved
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2012.08.23_Prominent scientists sign declaration that animals have conscious awareness‚ just like us http://io9.com/5937356/prominent-scientists-sign-declaration-that-animals-have-conscious-awareness-just-like-us George DvorskyPFollowOUnfollow 8/23/12 5:00pm 8/23/12 5:00pm g 14711L 315Edit An international group of prominent scientists has signed The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness in which they are proclaiming their support for the idea that animals are conscious and aware to the degree
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2. Arguments against physicalism In line with physicalism‚ a human being‚ including‚ of course‚ the brain‚ consists of merely physical substances. Not only the brain is described by physical characteristics‚ such as volume‚ weight and composition‚ but also the events that occur in the brain are physical‚ according to physicalists. For instance‚ in the nerve system the impulses are transmitted along connected neurons as a result of the electrical difference across their membranes. Physicalists further
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