In the experiment‚ as the size of the cube decreased‚ the absorption rate increased‚ showing that the smaller cells absorbed more sodium hydroxide than bigger cells. The smaller cells were able to absorb more sodium hydroxide as they have a bigger surface area to volume ratio causing them to act more efficiently than the bigger cells. The smallest cell had a ratio of 1:12 while the biggest cell had a ratio of 1:2‚ leaving a gap of 5:12 causing the bigger cell to act less efficient in absorbing the
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Chemical reactions can happen slowly or fast. The speed of the reaction rate can be changed. Some of the factors that can affect the reaction rate are surface area‚ temperature‚ and concentration and pressure. Surface area is the exposed‚ outer layer of a solid. Increased surface area increases reaction rate because more particles on the surface of a solid come in contact with the particles of another substance. For example‚ if you place a donut stick into water‚ the donut will react slowly with
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the activation energy in the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. I. DESIGN ASPECT 1: definition of the problem‚ hypothesis and selection of variables Problem: How the Arrhenius equation can be used to determine the activation energy in the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. Objective: The objective of the experiment is to determine the activation energy. Knowing the rate constant k of reactions between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide at different temperatures
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Factors Influencing Rate of Reaction Aim To investigate several effects believed to influence rate of reaction‚ concentration of a substance and temperature‚ and observe the effects. Hypothesis Concentration and temperature will both increase the rate of reaction in accordance with collision theory. Introduction The reaction rate or rate of reaction for a reactant or product in any given reaction can be defined as the speed with which a reaction occurs. For example‚ the oxidation of iron
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Separation of a Carboxylic Acid from a Neutral Compound by Extraction Reference: Smith‚ Chapter 2 (Acids and Bases) Introduction Carboxylic acids and phenols are two families of organic compounds that contain carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen‚ and also react with water to yield an excess of hydronium ions over hydroxide ions. Pure water has a pH of 7‚ which means it has a hydronium ion concentration‚ [H3O+] of 10-7 M (M = molarity‚ moles/Liter). The hydronium ions in pure water come from the self-ionization
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As a liquid evaporates‚ it lowers the temperature of the substances around them‚ because evaporation is an endothermic process. In the graph‚ each substance has a different curve. Some lowered the temperature much more than others. This is because different substances require differing amounts of energy to evaporate. To test this‚ the temperature change from the evaporation of 4 different alcohols was measured and compared‚ along with cyclohexane. Methanol had the largest change in temperature‚ 18
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Acids And BAses Acids And BAses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Theories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases The pH scale Calculations involving acids and bases (AHL) Buffer solutions (AHL) Salt hydrolysis (AHL) Acid-base titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 8 8.1 THeORies OF Acids And BAses 8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. 8.1.2 Deduce whether or not a species could act as a Brønsted–Lowry
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Sodium‚ one of many elements in the periodic table is being used in everyday life‚ it is also an essential element within your body. It is just another element‚ but one of the differences is that this element is something that most people consume every day. Sodium has played an important role in everyday life because of its uses in medicine‚ industry‚ and agriculture(Shriver). Sodium was discovered in 1807 by a man named Sir Humphrey Davy. He was well known for his discoveries of most alkali metals
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find the rate equation of the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and iodide ions. This will be achieved by using an iodine clock method and colorimetric analysis. 2. Draw a graph of rate against concentration for each reactant (Hydrogen peroxide‚ potassium iodide and H+ ions). 3. Finding the order for each reactant 4. Finding the rate-determining step. 5. Proposing a mechanism for the reaction. 6. Using Arrhenius’ equation to find the activation enthalpy. Background The basic reaction for this
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meant to supplement‚ not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes Background and Application Substitution Nucleophilic First Order (SN1) reactions are one of the most common type of organic reactions. SN1 reactions can be used to make a wide variety of new compounds. In this experiment‚ t-amyl alcohol will be converted by a SN1 mechanism to 2-chloro-2-methylbutane. Safety Precautions Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid is 12M. It will cause visible destruction of tissue upon contact
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