INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics is a branch of physical science in which deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy. The ability to predict if a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously or non-spontaneously is an important aspect of thermodynamics. Spontaneity is determined from free energy‚ or Gibbs free energy. The equation (1) gives the relationship of how entropy (∆S) and enthalpy (∆H) along with temperature affects the amount of free energy‚ and henceforth the spontaneity
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chemical reactions using physical and chemical properties and balanced chemical equations. There are four different types of chemical reactions decomposition reactions‚ single displacement reactions‚ synthesis reactions‚ and double displacement reactions. A decomposition reaction happens when a compound breaks into two or more elements or compounds. Generally‚ for decomposition reactions heat‚ energy‚ light or electricity is needed to separate the compound. In a single displacement reaction‚ a single
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Purpose: The purpose of the ‘Rates of Reactions’ lab is to learn how to plan an investigative lab without outside help and to learn about the ‘Rates of Reactions’. This lab will require students to take responsibility for their own learning and use their prior knowledge to aid in the completion of this lab. In the lab prepared below‚ students will be learning about Rates of Reaction with varying concentrations of Alka-Seltzer with water. Hypothesis: I believe that the more water added to the canister
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metals arranged in order of their reactivity based on displacement reactions‚ reduction of their oxides by hydrogen or carbon‚ the relative ease of decomposition of their compounds and reactions with oxygen‚ dilute acids and water. The higher up a metal is in the reactivity series‚ the more reactive it is. In the experiment conducted‚ the three metals‚ magnesium‚ zinc and copper each had to undergo displacement reactions and reactions with water‚ oxygen and dilute acids‚ to arrange them in the order
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coming off of it and has a low melting point while potassium’s reaction is faster and enough heat is produced to set light to the hydrogen coming off of it. Each leaves a pink color hue in the water. Discuss the similarities and differences in the behavior of the metals tested with water relative to their positions in the periodic table. Compare behavior within a family and in the same period. - The similarities and differences between the metals tested with water that are relative to their position
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Examples of synthesis reactions: 1. Metal + oxygen → metal oxide EX. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) 2. Nonmetal + oxygen → nonmetallic oxide EX. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) 3. Metal oxide + water → metallic hydroxide EX. MgO(s) + H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(s) 4. Nonmetallic oxide + water → acid EX. CO2(g) + H2O(l) → ; H2CO3(aq) 5. Metal + nonmetal → salt EX. 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s) 6. A few nonmetals combine with each other. EX. 2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) →
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Elimination Reactions ________________________________________ As described previously‚ primary alkyl halides generally undergo substitution reactions with simple nucleophiles by an SN2 mechanism. Secondary alkyl halides‚ often react with simple basic nucleophiles to give a mixture of products arising from both substitution and elimination. As with substitution reactions‚ the rate at which elimination reactions proceed can be proportional to both the concentration of the base and the concentration
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Title: Redox Reactions Research Question: Is it possible to determine if a redox reaction took place by using only the equation? Hypothesis: Yes‚ I believe it is possible to determine if this reaction took place by using the oxidation numbers in the equation. Variables: 1. I cleaned the reaction surface to limit contamination 2. I held the chemicals at approximately a 90 degree angle for consistency Introduction: Redox reactions occur when both oxidation and reduction take place. All atoms
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Properties and Reactions of Hydrocarbons Abstract Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic materials that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms‚ these molecules can be saturated or unsaturated and acyclic‚ cyclic‚ or aromatic. In this experiment we used a variety of methods to examine the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons. The first experiment we tested a variety of solvents to see if they dissolved our alkane (Decalin). One would expect that non-polar solvents will dissolve
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D. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE (By: Mary Deo Luigi J. Mabunay 1N-3) Objective: To determine the reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones when combined with Sodium Hydroxide. Process: * Obtain 5 clean and dry test tubes * Put 2mL of 40% NaOH solution to test tubes 1‚ 2 and 3 and on test tubes 4 and 5‚ put 10% NaOH solution * Add 10 drops of the following solution: * Tube 1: formaldehyde * Tube 2: benzaldehyde * Tube 3: acetaldehyde
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