Title: Acids‚ Bases & Buffers Objectives: 1. To understand the acid-base chemistry. 2. To prepare and evaluate a buffer system 3. To measure the buffering capacity of two types of isotonic drinks. Introduction: There are acid-forming‚ basic forming and neutral food‚ however the acid or alkaline properties of a food is unable to judge by the actual acidity of the food itself. For example‚ citrus fruits such as lemon are acidic‚ but they are alkaline-forming when we consume and digest it. Therefore
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dew‚ or dry particles. • more accurate term is "acid precipitation." • defined as any type of precipitation with a pH that is unusually low The Causes: • occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere‚ undergo chemical transformations and are absorbed by water droplets in clouds • then fall to earth as rain‚ snow‚ mist‚ dry dust‚ hail‚ or sleet. • Dissolved carbon dioxide dissociates to form weak carbonic acid giving a pH of approximately 5.6 at typical atmospheric
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Introduction The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is determined as the change in the concentration of a reactant or product over the change in time. [1] The rate of a reaction is determined by experiment. Many factors influence the rate of a reaction: the nature of the reaction‚ concentration‚ pressure‚ temperature‚ and surface area‚ presence of catalyst and intensity of light. [2] For a chemical reaction‚ the rate law or rate equation is a mathematical expressed equation that links the reaction rate with
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Unknown #: 146 Fall-11 Organic Chemistry Midterm Report 13 October 2011 Table of Contents Separation of Benzoic Acid and Acetanilide 3 Extraction and Purification of Caffeine from Tea 4 Extraction of Trimyristin from Nutmeg 5 Conversion of t-butanol to t-butyl chloride 6 Appendix 7 Calculations 8 Literature and Experimental Values of Benzoic Acid and Acetanilide 9 Experimental Caffeine IR 10 Literature Caffeine IR 11 Experimental Trimyristin IR
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Purpose To test the reactions of primary‚ secondary‚ and tertiary alcohols with acid and with an oxidizing agent. Materials chemical safety goggles lab apron protective gloves test-tube rack eyedropper dropper bottles containing butan-1-ol butan-2-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol potassium permanganate solution‚ KMnO4 (aq) (0.01 mol/L) concentrated hydrochloric acid‚ HCl (aq) (12 mol/L) (for teacher use only) Procedure 1) Put on your safety goggles‚ apron‚ and protective gloves.
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Trapal‚ Mariel B. Prof. T.D. Macasil BSE Physical Science Reactions of amines Reaction of amines with acids – acids and amines form ammonium salts. R – NH2 + HCl → R – NH3+ + OH – Amine acid amine salt Example 1 CH3 – NH2 + HCl → CH3 – NH3 + Cl- Methylamine Methylammonium Example 2 CH3CH2 – NH3 + Cl → CH3CH2NH2 . HCl Ethylammonium Ethylamine Reaction of amine with water – when amines react with water‚ they produce hydroxide ( OH
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to practice common organic laboratory techniques inside the lab to get one oriented to the basic methods of procedure that can be used for later experiments. This experiment involves the separation of benzoic acid from a more crude form‚ consisting of benzoic acid‚ methyl orange‚ a common acid/base indicator‚ and cellulose‚ a natural polymer of glucose (Huston‚ and Liu 17-24). The technique that is used to perform this separation is called extraction. Extraction is a systematic process of separating
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Copper Reactions Rodney Jay C. Ridao Florencio Louis Pascual Relao De La Salle University- Dasmariñas Dasmariñas Cavite Philippines ABSTRACT The Copper Reactions experiment was demonstrate by adding the reagents like 16M HNO3‚ Distilled water‚ 6M NaOH‚ 6M H2SO4‚ Acetone‚ Zinc metal and Methanol into the beaker with the copper wire. The experiment was also demonstrated to observe how copper reacts while different reagent were being added. It was also demonstrated to practice the common laboratory
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Discussion The reaction through which 4-mrthaoxyacetophenone is converted to 4-methoxybenzoic acid is a haloform reaction. This reaction involves two distinct stages that occur in the same environment. The first stage occurs through the based-catalyzed halogenation of the ketone that forms a trihalo ketone. First‚ the bleach is transformed into chlorine and hydroxide ions through the following reaction: Then‚ the hydroxyl is able to attack the rather acidic (pKa ~ 20) α-hydrogen of the ketone
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The effect on the pH of Distilled water‚ Potato Solution and Commercial Buffer‚ when Hydrochloric acid (0.1 mol/L) and Sodium Hydroxide (0.1 mol/L) is added Mahima Mandava Mrs. Haist September 23rd‚ 2014 SBI4U1 Background Information: The pH is the measurement of how acidic or how basic a substance can be. The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a living cell can be. The pH scale ranges from 0-14; 0-6 being acidic‚ 8-14 being basic and 7 being neutral. There are many factors
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