materials and soap making Soap making requires two major raw materials: * Fats and oils Fats and oils are esters of fatty acids and glycerol. These are obtained from natural substances which are classified into three: a. Nut oils Cold process soap making is the most suitable for this type of oil which is also characterized by large proportion of fatty acids. Nut oils saponify easily with strong alkali soulution. Example: coconut oil‚ palm kernel oil b. Hard fats Slow-lathering soaps
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Preparation of Sodium Chloride through titration Abstract: acid-base titration is a technique commonly used to determine the moles of acid in a sample by adding a known volume of strong base of a known concentration. The strong base provides the hydroxide ion‚ to react quantitatively with the acid. The point at which the acid is completely and exactly consumed the known quantity of base is called the equivalence end point and is signalled by a colour change in the solution (end point). This colour
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Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Q.1. Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ? Ans: Magnesium ribbon is a very reactive metal. When stored it reacts with oxygen to form a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer of magnesium oxide being a stable compound prevents further reaction of magnesium with oxygen. The magnesium is cleaned before burning in air to remove this layer so that the metal can be exposed to air properly. Q.2. Write the balanced
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The hypothesis If a chemical reaction occurs‚ then there will be indicators of a chemical change‚ was supported throughout this experiment. Throughout this experiment there were several reactions that took place‚ and an indicator of such chemical reactions could be seen throughout each one. The first piece of identifiable evidence was present in the first step‚ which was when copper (II) nitrate and sodium hydroxide were combined. When stirred‚ a blue precipitate formed at the bottom of the test
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a) What other name(s) does this chemical go by? (i.e. synonyms) Other names for sodium bicarbonate are baking soda‚ sodium hydrogen carbonate‚ and carbonic acid sodium. (b) What is the type(s) of hazard associated with this chemical? (i.e. poisonous‚ biohazardous‚ ...) According to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals‚ sodium bicarbonate has not been categorized as hazardous. (c) What should you do if this chemical splashes in your eyes or is spilled
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PRACTICAL 2: Preparation of sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) Date: 12 March 2014 INTRODUCTION Sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III) is a coordination complex which has the formula Na3[Co(NO2)6]. This compound is yellow in colour. It consists of a central Co3+ ion surrounded by six nitro ligands [1]. This compound is used as a qualitative test for potassium and ammonium ions (so long as certain other cations are not present) [1]. Potassium and ammonium are insoluble in water‚ while sodium is [1]. Hence‚ the
Free Ion Mole Oxygen
Unknown Acid KEYWORDS: quantitative analysis‚ titration‚ buret‚ endpoint‚ standardization‚ half-equivalence point‚ calorimetric titration‚ potentiometric titration ABSTRACT: The concentration of sodium hydroxide was determined by colorimetric titration‚ and the identity of an unknown acid was determined by potentiometric titration. In the first titration‚ a strong acid standard‚ potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)‚ was used‚ to determine the concentration of a strong base‚ sodium hydroxide
Free PH Acid dissociation constant Acid
meant to supplement‚ not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes Background and Application Substitution Nucleophilic First Order (SN1) reactions are one of the most common type of organic reactions. SN1 reactions can be used to make a wide variety of new compounds. In this experiment‚ t-amyl alcohol will be converted by a SN1 mechanism to 2-chloro-2-methylbutane. Safety Precautions Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid is 12M. It will cause visible destruction of tissue upon contact
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Title:Extraction:Extraction with acid and alkaline Objective: 1. To recover benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene from its mixture using acid-alkaline extraction. 2. To determine the percentage recovery and melting point of benzoic acid and p-diclorobenzene. Apparatus:Separatory funnel(250mL)‚Buchner funnel‚beaker. Materials:Benzoic acid‚p-dichlorobenzene‚ether‚10% NaOH‚conc.HCl‚distilled water‚ anhydrous CaCl2. Introduction: Organic compounds in an aqueous mixture can be separated
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Abstract. This report is about how to standardize a Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution by titrating it with pure sample of Potassium acid Phthalate (KHC8H4O4). This experiment has two sections. The first section is to standardize the Sodium Hydroxide by titration. Three sample of 0.7 – 0.9 g of solid KHP are place into each of the three numbered Erlenmeyer flasks. 50 ml of distilled water are added to each three of it from graduated cylinder and constantly shake it until the KHP solution are completely
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