PurposeIn this experiment‚ sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in acetic acid mixture was used to oxidize emdo-borneol (an alcohol) to camphor (a ketone). The product would then be purified by sublimation and then be analyzed by Infrared spectroscopy and melting point test. Procedure and ObservationsPlease refer to the lab manual and the carbon copy attached. Data and CalculationsWeight of endo-borneol = 0.2013gNo of moles of endo-borneol = 0.2013g/154.25g mol-1 = 1. 305mmolSince one mole of endo-borneol
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Experiment 28: The reaction of Butanols with Hydrobromic Acid Pre-lab Objective: The objective of this experiment is to synthesize 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane with different catalyst:substrate ratios to determine which ratio is the most economically favorable. Discussion: In this experiment‚ 1-butanol or 2-butanol will be converted to the corresponding alkyl bromide with HBR‚ while using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The sulfuric acid will accelerate the chemical reaction with being consumed
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Should fluorine be added to water? Introduction: Fluoride is a natural mineral and a chemical‚ which is a compound of fluorine that is the most commonly used in water sources. However not only for that‚ it also has a various number of other uses in example: making molten metals flow‚ and burning materials etc. as it is an extremely reactive and highly toxic element‚ so when it comes to adding fluoride to public water‚ that’s when mankind is faced with some extremely
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Main aim of experiment 5 is to use the biuret test to quantify the concentration of the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) then constructing a standard curve graph and to use the spectrophotometer to perform an enzyme assay using different concentration of the BSA. Experiment 5 also verifies the Beer-Lambert Law‚ which is the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species. Absorbance formula is shown in fig. 1.1. However‚ the Beer-Lambert Law is not obeyed at high concentration
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Diffusion of Hydrochloric Acid into Different Sizes of Agar Blocks Aim: Investigating the relationship between the diffusion and the surface area to volume ratio‚ with agar and hydrochloric acid. Research Question: How does the difference in surface area to volume ratio affect the diffusion? Hypothesis: As the area to volume ratio increases‚ the time taken for a complete diffusion will also increase. Background Information: Agar is a jelly like substance and in this experiment‚ agar
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SODIUM gSodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin: natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft‚ silver-white‚ highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature‚ but instead must be prepared from its compounds; it was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust‚ and exists in numerous minerals such
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Description of the experiment * Aim: To observe the reactions of sulfuric acid as an oxidising agent and as a dehydrating agent. Equipment: * 20mL of concentrated sulfuric acid * 20mL of 2mol/L sulfuric acid * 2 small pieces of each of copper‚ zinc and iron * Sandpaper * 10 test tubes * Test tube rack * 2g of sugar crystals (sucrose) * 2 wooden ice-cream sticks * 10mL measuring cylinders Steps: A: Sulfuric acid as an oxidising agent 1. Clean pieces of metal
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of the Enthalpy of an Acid-Base Reaction Abstract The purpose of this lab was to first‚ determine the specific heat capacity of a homemade calorimeter‚ and second‚ to calculate the enthalpy of reaction for an acid-base reaction between 6M KOH and 6M HNO3. To determine the specific heat capacity of the calorimeter‚ two differing temperatures of water were measured and volume was measured and mixed within the calorimeter. The enthalpy of reaction for an acid-base reaction was found by these steps:
Free Thermodynamics Enthalpy Heat
and sought to discover which ratio of an acid and base reaction produced the most amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) without leaving leftover reactants. 5 varying amounts of bases were added to a constant amount of acid (10 ml) to better understand which ratio was the most efficient. RESULTS Data collected from the lab suggests that the ratio of acid to base that produced the most carbon dioxide gas (CO2) was 1:0.5. This means that for every one mole of acid‚ 0.5 moles of base would be added. The
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Sodium: Sodium is essential to all living beings Basic functions: Sodium has 3 main functions: it helps in the absorption of glucose and some amino acids in the small intestine‚ it is required for normal muscle and nerve function‚ and it aids in water balance. Glucose generated by digestion of starch or lactose is absorbed in the small intestine only by cotransport with sodium‚ a fact that has exceptionally important implications in medicine. Glucose and galactose are taken into the enterocyte by
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