Arenes The aromatic hydrocarbons also have the name arenes. They contain in their molecule one or more cycles made up from 6 carbon atoms. When the molecule is formed out of a single cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are mono nucleuses; when the molecule contains more than one cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are poly nucleuses. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon‚ benzene‚ is compound out of just one such cycle; its formula is C6H6. The representation of benzene through a cycle of 6 carbon atoms with 3 double bounds
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“Science does not know it’s debt to imagination.” “Men love to wonder‚ and that is the seed of science.” Ralph Waldo Emerson was right on point when he said these two statements. There have been numerous great scientists that have come in and out of this world‚ and there are many to still come. When Emerson said these two quotes‚ he was talking about all of these scientists. The world we live in today would not be the same without the imagination and wonder of scientists; therefore we owe everything
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than acetic acid. Reason : due to –I effect of phenyl group. Relative basic strength of amines 1. All aliphatic amines are more basic than ammonia. e.g. Methyl amine is more basic than ammonia. Reason : Due to +I effect of methyl group. 2. Aniline is weaker base than Ammonia. Reason : Due to
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Q.1 Bond enthalpy of fluorine is lower than that of chlorine‚ why? Q.2 Give the IUPAC name of the following compound: (CH3)3-C-C-COOH ║ O Q.3 On increasing temperature‚ activation energy of a reaction decreases‚ why? Q 4 Which of the following is most effective electrolyte in the coagulative of AgI/Ag+sol? K2SO4‚ MgCl2‚ K4[Fe(CN)6] Q.5 Write the reaction when glucose is heated with excess of HI. Q.6 Which Xe compound has distorted octahedral shape? Q.7 What is the denticity of
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PRODUCT USE Manufacture of dyes‚ intermediate for antioxidants‚ gum inhibitors‚ corrosion inhibitors. Intermediate SYNONYMS C6-H6-N2-O2‚ "Red 2G Base"‚ p-aminonitrobenzene‚ p-aminonitrobenzene‚ 1-amino-4-nitrobenzene‚ 1-amino-4nitrobenzene‚ "aniline‚ 4-nitro-"‚ "aniline‚ 4-nitro-"‚ "C.I. 37035"‚ "C.I. Azoic Diazo Component 37"‚ "C.I. Developer 17"‚ PNA‚ Developer‚ P‚ "Diazo Fast Red GG"‚ "Fast Red Base GG"‚ p-nitraniline‚ p-nitraniline‚ 4-nitraniline‚ 4-nitraniline‚ 4-nitroaniline‚ 4-nitroaniline‚ 4-nitrobenzenamine
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3-2-3-1-Conventional Culture Method (Marks 1972): The infected lesions of the tuberculin positive reactors were collected and placed in to a sterile mortar containing sterile sand. The fat was removed and the suspected parts were cut into minute pieces. Then 2 ml of distilled water added to the mixture‚ homogenized and crushed well until the suspension was obtained. Then 2 ml of H2So4 acid 4% added to the mixture then incubated the mixture at 37 0C for 1/2 h. The mixture was diluted with
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suspension of the powdered ore is made with water. To it‚ collectors and froth stabilizers are added. Collectors (e. g.‚ pine oils‚ fatty acids‚ xanthates‚ etc.) enhance non-wettability of the mineral particles and froth stabilizers (e. g.‚ cresols‚ aniline) stabilize the froth. The mineral particles become wet by oils while the gangue particles by water. A rotating paddle agitates the mixture and draws air in it. As a result‚ froth is formed which carries the mineral particles. The froth is light and
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| | Mineral oil | Damage to liver‚carcinogenic effects | | Karanja oil | Heart problems‚ liver damage | | Castor oil | Stomach problem | Asafoetida | Foreign resins galbanum‚ colophony resin | dysentery | Turmeric powder | Yellow aniline dyes | Carcinogenic | | Non-permitted colourants like metanil yellow | Highly Carcinogenic | | Tapioca starch | Stomach disorder | Chilli powder | Brick powder‚ saw dust | Stomach problems | | Artificial Colours | Cancer | Sweets‚
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Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl halide methyl & 1o best; X = Cl‚ Br‚ I‚ OTos O C ether product Example: O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP
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Benzene is a special case of conjugation that leads to an especially stable bonding arrangement. The benzene ring consists of six sp2 hybridized carbon atoms in a regular hexagon. Each carbon forms two σ-bonds with adjacent carbons‚ and a third σ-bond with a hydrogen atom. The 2p orbital on each atom is available for π-bonding. Interaction between the p orbitals on the six carbon atoms forms a conjugated system of π-electrons. Molecules with this bonding arrangement are called aromatic molecules
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