English Proficiency This test is designed to assess the test takers’ general proficiency in the use of English language as a means of self-expression in real life situations and specifically to test the test takers’ knowledge of basic grammar‚ their vocabulary‚ their ability to read fast and comprehend‚ and also their ability to apply the elements of effective writing. 1. Grammar 1. Agreement‚ Time and Tense‚ Parallel construction‚ Relative pronouns 2. Determiners‚ Prepositions‚ Modals
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this problem. The Objective of Research. The objective of this research is to synthesize and characterize eight ionic liquids using 1-methylimidazole as the starting material by using the alkylation and metathesis synthesis methods. H1-NMR and Ion Chromatography (IC) analysis will be used to verify the characteristic and presence of impurities to determine the purity of
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for understanding the reaction mechanism. (v) Describe common polyhalogen compounds. INTRODUCTION The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon‚ aliphatic or aromatic‚ by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene)‚ respectively. Many halogen containing organic compounds occur in nature and some of these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. They are
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The purpose of the lab “All in the Family” was to compare the reactivity of the halogens Chlorine‚ Bromine‚ and iodine by observing the reactions between their elemental forms and their ionic forms. To accomplish this experiment‚ we first added a squirt of pet ether to two test tubes. Then‚ we added the same amount of Cl2 to both of the tubes‚ shook the mixtures‚ and recorded the color that resided in each mixture as the initial color. After‚ a squirt of NaBr was added to one test tube‚ and a squirt
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General Features of Oxidative Additions Oxidative addition reactions usually involve a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron metal complex or five-coordinate 18-electron species‚ and take the general from: [pic] If the A and B ligands in the product are considered to be formally –1‚ then the metal center has increased its oxidation state by +2‚ and this is the origin of the name oxidative addition. Oxidative reaction can occur when a metal complex
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Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
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Summary of Chapter 11 Material SN2 Reaction Substrate: NO SN2 ON A TERTIARY HALOALKANE!! order of reactivity is as follows: Methyl > 1 > 2 Sterically less hindered substrates have faster rates in SN2 Nucleophile: If the reacting atom is the same in a series‚ nucleophilicity parallels basicity (i.e. -OH > -OCH3 > -OCH2CH3 > H2O) For the halogens in GAS PHASE: F- > Cl- > Br- > IFor the halogens in SOLUTION: I- > Br- > Cl- > F- (due to solvation of nucleophile‚ rendering it inactive) Negatively
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* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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to know since they are used often). Symbol Element Color As Arsenic Blue B Boron Bright green Ba Barium Pale/Yellowish Green Ca Calcium Orange to red Cs Cesium Blue Cu(I) Copper(I) Blue Cu(II) Copper(II) non-halide Green Cu(II) Copper(II) halide Blue-green Fe Iron Gold In Indium Blue K Potassium Lilac to red Li Lithium Magenta to carmine Mg Magnesium Bright white Mn(II) Manganese(II) Yellowish green Mo Molybdenum Yellowish green Na Sodium Intense
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Properties of alcohols and phenols: Hydrogen bonding: The structure around the oxygen atom of an alcohol or phenol is similar to that in water and is sp3 hybridized Alcohols and phenols have much higher boiling points than similar alkanes and alkyl halides H2 O MW=18 bp= 100° C C6H6
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