Experiment 3: Wittig Reaction Introduction This experiment performs a modified Wittig reaction using a phosphorus-containing Hornes-Emmons-Wittig reagent to generate an enolate anion of trimethyl phosphonoacetate instead of a phosphorus ylide. The methyl trans-4-methoxy cinnamate produced is then analyzed using melting point and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Theory The Wittig reaction prepares alkenes from carbonyl compounds by attacking a phosphorus ylide with a nucleophilic carbon atom stabilized by
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based on the reduction of chromium(IV)‚ which is orange‚ to chromium(III)‚ which is green‚ when an alcohol is oxidized by the reagent. A change in color of the reagent from orange to green represents a positive test. Primary alcohols are oxidized by the reagent to carboxylic aicds; secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized at all by the reagent. Hence‚ this reaction can be used to distinguish tertiary alcohols form primary and secondary alcohols. Procedures:
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Effects of Electrical Stimuli and Injected Reagents on Frog Hearts Melissa Higdon Section 05‚ Group 01 November 19‚ 2013 Introduction: The heart is a very complex muscle for all species. It is responsible for sending oxygenated blood throughout the body as well as sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs‚ and continuously circulate this way for as long as we are alive. Many things can be effected‚ for example how fast the heart beats or how much
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test tubes. Tollen’s test In three test tubes‚ 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent was placed separately. To one tube‚ a drop of formalin was added; to the other‚ a drop of acetone was added; and to the other a drop of benzaldehyde was added. The solutions were mixed thoroughly. Since there was no reaction at room temperature‚ the solutions were placed in hot water bath . Schiff’s test In three test tubes‚ 5 drops of Schiff’s reagent was placed separately. To one tube‚ a drop of formalin was added‚
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is classified into two types of imaging systems namely standalone and multimodal imaging technologies. In addition‚ report covers different types of imaging reagents employed in small animal research studies such as nuclear imaging reagents‚ optical imaging reagents‚ MRI contrasting reagents‚ CT contrast reagents and ultrasound contrast reagents. With the diverse choice of imaging technologies‚ parameters such as disease model‚ cost‚ ease-of-use‚ accessibility to imaging agents‚ and utility of particular
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tube rack dropper bottles of 1% starch‚ 1% protein‚ 1% glucose‚ and distilled water (DW)‚ slurries of honey‚ egg white‚ and saltine crackers dropper of IKI solution (starch test) dropper bottle of Benedict’s reagent (glucose test) dropper bottles of 10% NaOH and 2% CuSO4 (Biuret Reagents – protein test) 95ºC water bath masking tape for labeling test tubes Procedure: Biuret test for a typical protein: Place a small piece of masking tape on 7 clean test tubes. Using a permanent marking pen
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The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration‚ which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist Oliver H. Lowry who developed the reagent in the 1940s. His 1951 paper describing the technique is the most-highly cited paper ever in the scientific literature‚ cited over 200‚000 times. The method combines the reactions of copper ions with the peptide bonds under alkaline conditions (the
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Analysis of Alcohols‚ Aldehydes and Ketones Karl Wayne Mancao‚ Raphaell Mordeno‚ Andres Pastrana III*‚ and Shannen Peñaverde Department of Biology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract The proponents have done several tests for identifying alcohols‚ aldehydes and ketones. These tests are Dichromate test‚ Tollens test‚ Lucas test‚ DNPH test and Iodoform test. Three samples got positive result in dichromate test and one in Tollens test. Lucas test got one sample that has
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unrelated proteins (Blocking phase) 3. Specific antibody (against that specific antigen) added. If quantification is needed‚ varying dilutions of the antibody are added in series. This antibody is called primary antibody. 4. Tertiary reagent added. This reagent usually consists of antibodies (labelled with enzyme) that will bind specifically to the bound antibodies in each well. This antibody is called secondary antibody. (Labelling phase) Bio-Rad Protein Assay The Bio-Rad Protein
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Experiment 2: Food Tests Objective * To study the presence of reducing sugars. * To study the presence of protein. Introduction In this experiment‚ glucose‚ maltose‚ lactose and sucrose are used for testing reducing and non-reducing sugars. Glucose is monosaccharide while maltose‚ lactose and sucrose are disaccharides of carbohydrates. Monosaccharaides are the monomers which make up all other carbohydrates and cannot be broken into smaller molecules by hydrolysis. Disaccharides are
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