The occurrence of strong and coordinated contractions (mass movements) allows the migration of stool from distal colonic segments into the rectum. These contractions occur more frequently in the morning after awakening and after a meal (gastrocolic reflex). In contrast‚ colonic motility is reduced at night to avoid incontinence (Andrews & Storr‚ 2011) The volume and consistency of the feces are other important factors affecting anal continence. Leakage of gas or liquid stools is more difficult to
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Practice Exam #4 – Chapters 12‚ 13‚ 14 & 15 1) What would normally be found within the central canal of the spinal cord? a) Blood b) Myelin c) Cerebrospinal fluid d) Air e) Gray matter 2) The filum terminale is a) The roots of spinal nerves hanging inferiorly from the end of the spinal cord in the vertebral column b) An indentation on the dorsal side of the spinal cored c) The tapered end of the spinal cord d) An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
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Classical conditioning is sometimes referred as CC. Classical conditioning involves learning by association. It contains a neutral stimulus‚ which is a stimulus that does not evoke the reflex to be conditioned. However‚ it could evoke other reflexes. After neutral stimulus‚ there is unconditioned stimulus that evokes a reflex without the
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However you will not need to submit your answers to these questions‚ only the questions on the worksheet ( see below). Submit your answers as a word document to the Week 4 dropbox 1. Define a reflex and list the components of a reflex arc. The reflex arc is the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between. The components are receptor‚ sensory neurons‚ motor neurons‚ relay neurons‚ and effector. 2. Describe
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experimented on to understand how learning worked. The experiment started with shocking the Aplysia snail to teach it of the dangers of its new environment. When the snail’s siphon is touched‚ it triggers a defensive mechanism‚ a withdrawal reflex. It is this reflex that lets scientists know the Aplysia has formed new memories as it is on high alert and fearful from its past experiences of getting shocked. The scientists compared two snails‚ one with past experiences of being shocked and one that had
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neuropathies damage peripheral nerves. Which component of the reflex arc is most likely to be damaged in Nick’s situation? I think a lot of Nicks reflex arc damage would begin at the sensory neuron. Stimuli are still triggering the receptor‚ but the information isn’t traveling along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the integrating centers‚ motor neurons‚ and effectors‚ though the damage could be further along in the reflex arc providing basically the same symptoms. D. Which division
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Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System 1. Detect changes and feel sensations 2. Initiate responses to changes 3. Organize and store information Divisions 1. Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System – cranial nerves and spinal nerves (relays info to/from the CNS) - Autonomic Nervous System Nerve Tissue – neurons (nerve fibers) and specialized cells (Schwann‚ neuroglia) 1. Neuron cell body contains the nucleus; cell bodies are in the CNS or trunk;
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sensory and motor B. The symptoms Nick is describing are likely caused by peripheral nerve damage; Not damage to the CNS. C. Diabetic neuropathies damage peripheral nerves. The component of the reflex that is most likely to be damaged in Nick’s situation would be the patellar reflex and the Achilles reflex. D. The division of the autonomic nervous system affected‚ that’s causing Nick’s GI symptoms is the parasympathetic system. E. Autonomic reflexes adjust heart rate‚ force of ventricular contraction
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food. 15. The hormone CCK released by the duodenum cause gastric motility to decrease when fats are present in the duodenum. 16. The hormone CCK causes the gall bladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. 17. The enterogastric reflex describes the communication between the intestine and the stomach. 18. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation decrease digestive system activity. 19. The motility process illustrated below is segmentation. 20. Segmentation moves chyme in only
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inguinal (groin) region‚ but not below that region of the body. Questions . Describe the functional anatomy of the spinal cord using the following terms: white matter‚ gray matter‚ tracts‚ roots‚ and spinal nerves. . Define the terms reflex and spinal reflex‚ and identify the
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