CHARACTERISATION OF THIN FILM AND MULTILAYERS BY X-RAY REFLECTIVITY Submitted by Rajshekhar Bar Supervisor: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava In partial fulfilment of the M.Sc.(2yr) degree in Physics Department of Physics and Meteorology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur‚721302‚India May‚2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost‚ I thank my advisor Prof. Sanjeev kumar Srivastava for the many useful suggestions and pieces of advice that he has given me. I am also thankful to all faculties
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Namee: Paul G. Zamora (Homework in Performance Techniques) Sound Waves- A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium (such as air‚ water‚ or any other liquid or solid matter) as it propagates away from the source of the sound. The source is some object that causes a vibration‚ such as a ringing telephone‚ or a person’s vocal chords. The vibration disturbs the particles in the surrounding medium; those particles disturb those next to them
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Class 10th Science Syllabus COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X First Term: Marks: 90 Units Marks I. Chemical Substances: 33 II. World of living : 21 III. Effects of Current : 29 IV Natural Resources : 07 Total :90 Theme: Materials (30 Periods) Unit: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behavior Chemical reactions: Chemical Equation‚ Balanced chemical equation‚ implications of a balanced chemical equation‚ types of chemical reactions: Combinations‚ decomposition
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CPI (Consumer price index) A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is a statistical estimate constructed using the prices of a sample of representative items whose prices are collected periodically. GDP deflator In economics‚ the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the level of prices of all new‚ domestically produced‚ final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross
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procedures that answer questions regarding Snell’s Law and the index of refraction. Ultimately‚ the experimental procedures you develop will allow the index of refraction to be found for water and cooking oil. 1. Explain how to experimentally determine the index of refraction of two substances. 2. Develop a set of experimental procedures to find the index of refraction for water and cooking oil. 3. Calculate the index of refraction using Snell’s Law. 4. Explain critical angle and
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dependence of the angle of refraction on the angle of incidence and the index of refraction. Simulation used “Refraction of light” (“bending-light_el.jar”): http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light Additionally: Spreadsheet application (like Microsoft Excel) Theory / Definitions 1. Optical (or transparent) medium: A medium that allows the passage of light through I‚ just like glass. 2. Index of refraction: The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum over the speed
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Final Exam Review Questions Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. In the diagram‚ the amplitude of the wave is shown by: a. c c. b b. d d. a ____ 2. In the diagram‚ the crest of the wave is shown by: a. c c. b b. d d. a ____ 3. In the diagram‚ the trough of the wave is shown by: a. c c. b b. d d. a ____ 4. In the diagram‚ the wavelength is shown by: a. c c. b b. d d.
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Index of refraction The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. [pic] By definition‚ n = 1 in vacuum. In all materials n > 1. The frequency of light does not change as it goes from one a medium of one index of refraction to another. This means that the wavelength changes with the speed. [pic] Thus‚ the wavelength is smaller in a medium than in vacuum. From the definition of the index of
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OVERVIEW INDEX NUMBERS compare figures which show changes in a given variable. The most common variables used in index numbers are price and quantity. By getting the difference of the index numbers‚ we are able to determine the relative or percent change in the price or quantity of a commodity between two periods of time or two localities. Among the more commonly used index numbers are the consumer price index‚ retail price index‚ wholesale price index‚ and the cost-of-living index. DEFINITION
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AIM : To find refractive index of any liquid (water) using a concave mirror. APPARATUS: A concave spherical mirror‚ water‚ an optical needle‚ a clamp stand‚ one meter scale‚ plumb line‚ etc. THEORY: If the tip of object needle 0 be at the centre of curvature C‚ tip of image will exactly coincide with it. (Principle axis is verticle to the plane). When water is filled in concave mirror‚ object needle is again replaced to move to C’ to remove parallax between tips of object needle and its image. A
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