element C. The formula also shows that the reaction will always occur between an element and a compound. Since the single-replacement reaction occurs only when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive one‚ they are dependent upon the relative reactivity of elements. Although single-replacement reactions are not exclusively associated with metals‚ the
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Introduction to Alkane Nomenclature A. Determining the Priority of Functional Groups. What’s in a name? 3-ethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-4‚4-dimethylnonane Too big a subject to cover on one sheet! This paper will focus on alkanes. Determining functional group priority will be the subject of a subsequent sheet. suffix http://masterorganicchemistry.com D. Applying the Lowest Locator Rule F. Dealing With Branched Substituents (the IUPAC Way) Number the chain from one end so as
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particles. Protons – has a relative charge of 1+ and a relative atomic mass of 1 Neutrons – are neutral‚ therefore the charge is 0. Also has a R.A.M of 1 Electrons – has a negative charge (1- )‚ and has a R.A.M of 1/2000 Listed in the periodic table‚ are elements. All elements have a neutral charge‚ or the charge always equal 0. This is why the amount of protons and electrons are the same in every element. Also‚ the relative atomic mass does not include
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Substitution Reactions* INTRODUCTION In class‚ we have been learning about substitution reactions and the various mechanisms by which they can occur. In a substitution reaction‚ a leaving group‚ usually a halide‚ is replaced by a nucleophile. Two mechanisms have been described for this reaction‚ a unimolecular (SN1) mechanism‚ and a bimolecular (SN2) mechanism. The stepwise unimolecular mechanism proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. These reactions are favored by the use of a substrate
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numbers. Accordingly‚ Ka values are transformed to pKa values using the formula pKa =-logKa Thus‚ the pKa for acetic acid becomes approximately 5. The pKa of phenol is 10. The pKa values of molecules can be used to classify them according to their relative strengths as an acid. Remember‚ an acid’s pKa is a measure of its ability to transfer a proton to water. But because the pKa scale is a negative log scale‚ stronger
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These results further validated the FMOs analysis. The green and red lines in the DOS spectrum represent the occupied and virtual orbitals‚ respectively. The simulated DOS spectrum is shown in Fig. 7b. 3.6 Local reactivity descriptors analysis The electron density based local reactivity descriptors are useful in predicting the reactive sites of the DBAP molecule‚ which is an important task in designing and developing a pharmaceutical compound. In this work‚ the
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Subject Content Most of the objectives specified in this section relate to Knowledge with Understanding‚ although some indication has been given as to where the skills of Handling Information and Solving Problems may be developed. Teachers are reminded that‚ in the written papers‚ 40% of the marks are allocated to these higher ’thinking’ skills. In almost every section‚ students should therefore be given practice at dealing with unfamiliar situations so that these higher thinking skills can be developed
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Chemistry - Module 2 - Metal 1. Metals have been extracted and used for many thousands of years * Outline and examine some uses of different metals through history‚ including contemporary uses‚ as uncombined metals or as alloys. Contemporary Uses of common metals Metal | Uses | Iron and Steel (an alloy with <2% carbon)Good tensile strength‚ cheap‚ rusts (corrodes) | - Railways‚ bridges‚ buildings- motor cars bodies‚ ships and trains- Engine blocks‚ fire hydrants‚ drainage
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and only in precise calculations are the masses of the electrons included in atomic mass. 2. What was the difference between Mendeleev’s table and Mosley’s new arrangement? Mendeleev arranged the 63 elements know at his time in order of increasing relative atomic mass‚ whiles Mosley later order the elements in order of increasing atomic number‚ or the number of protons in the atom. Mendeleev could not have arranged the elements using Mosley’s method because the concept of protons in the nucleus of
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Abstract The chloride present in an unknown soluble sample was precipitated into silver chloride through precipitation gravimetry. The colloidal silver chloride originally formed was converted to a crystalline solid by controlling certain parameters of the experiment such as temperature‚ pH of the solution‚ and concentration of AgNO3. Once the solid was large enough‚ it could be washed‚ filtered‚ and weighed. The percentage of chloride present was found to be 24.73695223 (±0.00000006) %.
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