Theory: A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. It implemented using a resistor and a capacitor. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter. The below circuit diagram illustrates a simple ’RC’ low-pass filter. The range of frequencies passed by a low pass filter
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R3=300Ω Unknown Resistor Number | L1 (cm) | L2 (cm) | σL (cm) | Rx=L2L1R3 ( ) | σRx () | Rm (Ω) | 1 | 67.7 | 32.3 | .01 | 143.1 | .03 | 147.7 | 2 | 58.4 | 41.6 | .01 | 213.7 | .06 | 214.8 | 3 | 43.9 | 56.1 | .01 | 383.4 | .20 | 385.5 | 4 | 23.5 | 76.5 | .01 | 976.6 | 1.2 | 979.8 | For the unknown resistor 1‚ Rm is not in the range for my calculated value. For the unknown resistor 2‚ Rm is not in the range for my calculated value. For the unknown resistor 3‚ Rm is within the range
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and a set of resistors and capacitors‚ in addition to the transformer and the rectifying element. The AC voltage‚ from the mains supply is initially stepped down to the desired voltage‚ which is then rectified to be applied to the input terminal of the voltage regulator IC. As mentioned earlier the voltage regulator then takes care of supplying a constant voltage at the output terminal. This voltage can be varied according to our requirements with the help of a variable resistor. This project
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LIGHTNING ARRESTER INTRODUCTION A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge‚ which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester‚ the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor‚ in most cases to
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a negative sign. 7. Force of Repulsion When two charges repel each other the force is called force of repulsion. It has a positive sign. 8. Equivalent Resistance The relative resistance that has equal value to the combined value of a resistor of a circuit is called equivalent resistance. It is denoted by R(E). 9. Direct Current Such a current that does not change its direction is known as direct current. It is denoted by DC‚ which is obtained from primary and secondary cells.
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two diametrically opposite ends? 4. How does the resistance of a conductor change if its temperature is increased? 5. A current of 4A flows in a wire of resistance 60 ohms. Calculate electrical energy consumed in 2 minutes. 6. V-I graph for two resistors is given. Which of the two has minimum resistance? 7. Alloys are used in electrical heating devices rather than pure metals. Give one reason. 8. An electric geyser has the ratings 2000W‚ 220V marked on it. What should be the minimum rating‚ in whole
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one of the resistors R5 through R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width. The output from IC CD4017 (IC2) is applied to resistors R5 through R9. If Q0 is high capacitor C5 is charged through resistor R5‚ if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through resistor R6‚ and so on. Optocoupler MCT2E (IC5) is wired as a zero-crossing detector that supplies trigger pulses to monostable IVEDI S.C. DW multivibrator IC3 during zero crossing. Opto-isolator MOC3021 (IC4) drives triac BT136. Resistor R13 (47ohm)
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Unit 1 What is inside an atom? * A positively charged nucleus composed of protons and neutrons * Electrons that surround the nucleus What are isotopes? Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons and different numbers of electrons How do we represent different atoms? What is specific charge? The specific charge of a particle is defined as its charge divided by its mass What keeps protons and neutrons in a nucleus together? A stable isotope has nuclei that do not disintegrate
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±15volts voltage is supplied to the op-amp. The 15volts also the working ranges for the op-amp. There are two basic op-amp circuit‚ inverting and non-inverting amplifier. For an ideal op-amp‚ the voltage gain of the circuit is the function of ratio of resistor. There are also other configuration investigated like the buffer amplifier which has the same input and output voltage and the summing amplifier. When a capacitor is connected as a feedback element‚ the output voltage is the integral of the input
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Discussion Alternating currents and voltages Figure 1 shows the plot of alternating voltage and alternating current as a function of time in a circuit that has only a resistor and a source of alternating current — an ac generator. | | | | | | Figure 1 | Current and voltage from an ac source through a simple resistor. | | | Because the voltage and current reach their maximum values at the same time‚ they are in phase. Ohm’s law and the previous expressions for power are valid
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