THE LAWS OF RETURN TO SCALE The laws of return to scale explain the behavior of output in response to a proportional and simultaneous change in input. Increase in inputs proportionately and simultaneously is in fact expansion of the scale of production. Statement: “As a firm in the long run increases the quantities of all factors employed‚ other things being equal‚ the output may rise initially at a more rapid rate than the rise of increase in inputs‚ then output may increase in the same proportion
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT – I RISK AND RETURN ANALYSIS SUBMITTED TO DR. SUSHMA VISNANI BY ABHISHEK DAS AVANIKANT MISHRA DAUD QIDWAI ANKIT TRIPATHI APURBA PRASAD NATH CONTRIBUTION Our project deals with Banking industry. In the project the various banks which are taken into account are Allahabad Bank‚ Canara Bank‚ Punjab National Bank‚ State Bank of India‚ and Union Bank of India. Each of the group members took up each of the bank and did their respective analysis. The banks which were
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Risk and Return Management Risk and return management Darlene LaBarre MBA6161 Fin Markets & Institutions Capella on Line The risk-return spectrum is the relationship between the amount of return gained on an investment and the amount of risk undertaken in that investment.[citation needed] The more return sought‚ the more risk that must be undertaken! The progression There are various classes of possible investments‚ each with their own positions on the overall risk-return spectrum. The general
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Chapter 8 Analysis of Risk and Return © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned‚ copied or duplicated‚ or posted to a publicly accessible website‚ in whole or in part. Introduction This chapter develops the risk-return relationship for individual projects (investments) and a portfolio of projects. The principles can also be applied to securities. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned‚ copied or duplicated‚ or posted
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Risk and Return Analysis Paper FIN 402 Risk and Return Analysis Paper Creating the right balance of securities in a diversified portfolio is crucial to maximizing return and minimize risk. This can be done through analysis of current and past activity of each product. Through a risk assessment‚ return analysis‚ researching the beta of each security‚ and reviewing the average risk and return‚ we can determine the weights of our securities and devise the strongest portfolio to limit risk and
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Internal Rate of Return In investment decision analysis you may need to calculate internal rate of return. “Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that gives the project a zero NPV” (McLaney‚ 2006). It is a good choice to use for investment projects. There is a formula for the internal rate of return: (A is the lower discount rate and B is the higher rate‚ a is the NPV at the lower rate and b is the NPV at the higher rate.) For example the Net Present Value (NPV) is 88 when the
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1. Convert prices to total return (% change in the price) = (Pt – Pt-1) / Pt-1 2. Remove outliers – sort data and remove anything +/- 20% 3. Calculate historical average and historical risk X-BAR = Σx/n Calculate the sum of the total return and divide by the number of observations • Variance = σ2 = Σ(x – x bar) 2 / (n-1) Fix X-BAR‚ double click to apply to all dates‚ get the sum‚ divide by (n-1) Risk = σ = √σ = SQRT(Variance) = standard deviation 4. Average Matrix Excel Options
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The Return of the Native: Style The Return of the Native is Thomas Hardy’s sixth novel and probably his best known. The story focuses on the lives and loves of residents in the fictional county of Wessex‚ England‚ an area which was based on the rural area where Hardy was raised. The narrative style of the novel is different to that of the traditional writing. He uses different narrative mechanisms in making it attractive to its readers. His different approach towards the treatment different components
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Accounting rate of return Accounting rate of return (also known as simple rate of return) is the ratio of estimated accounting profit of a project to the average investment made in the project. ARR is used in investment appraisal. Formula Accounting Rate of Return is calculated using the following formula: ARR = Average Accounting Profit Average Investment Average accounting profit is the arithmetic mean of accounting income expected to be earned during each year of the project’s life time
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INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN Many companies wants to have a return on their investment in a few years and begin to evaluate their projects optimistically calculating an internal rate of real return not yielding results in the end. This does not end up being expected by the companies; According to the article the authors John C. Kelleher and Justin J. MacCormack . They suggest that there is a tendency to a risky behavior‚ Companies started to run the risk of creating unrealistic numbers for themselves
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