. From the dat that we are born‚ we begin a process of learning that lasts througout life. while there are many ways to define and describe learning‚ it is typically defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience. one of the forms of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasise the relationship between stimuli and responses. the two types of conditioning found are classical conditioning and operent conditioning‚ learning may occur in different ways
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Classical conditioning Classical conditioning is a form of basic learning the body automatically responds to a stimulus. One stimulus takes on the properties of another. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) is credited for discovering the basic principles of classical conditioning whilst he was studying digestion in dogs. He developed a technique for collecting dog’s salivary secretions. Pavlov (cited in Eysneck M.W 2009) noticed that the dogs would often start salivating before they
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Conversely‚ if behaviour is followed by unpleasant consequences‚ then it is unlikely to be repeated. A reinforcement is a consequence that strengthens a behaviour or makes it likely to be repeated. Note that reinforcement is not always the same as a reward. A reward is an example of positive reinforcement (the presentation of a pleasant stimulus). However‚ behaviour can also be strengthened if it leads to the removal of something unpleasant (negative reinforcement). A punishment is a consequence that weakens
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Operant Conditioning. I decided on this theory because I think it is easy to base it on my hobbies and observations. Citing examples would not be difficult. Most of my learning motivations and what I have observed from others are based largely on rewards and punishments or something similar to those. I believe most people would be able to relate to this theory and I also thought it would be fun and interesting to connect my hobbies to something educational and related to my course. My learning
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conditioning is the second type of associated learning in this type of learning organisms learn to make association between behavior and a consequence for example getting a punishment or reward for a behavior as a result for this association we can see that people or organisms increase positive behaviors with reward and to decrease negative behavior with punishment . While
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Contextual Conditioning of Drug Tolerance and Drug Addiction Research on the contextual conditioning of drug tolerance shows it is an important factor in understanding drug addiction in humans. Context is a way of noting that the likelihood of a behavior or response depends on certain conditions. Contextual conditioning is said to occur when a person becomes conditioned not only to the drug but also to the environmental circumstances or cues in which the drug is taken. Studies have shown that tolerance
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Elements of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- Any stimulus that is capable of reflexive response. Unconditioned Response UR An innate (in-born‚ automatic) reflex response elicited or reflex triggered by an unconditioned stimulus (food). Conditioned Stimulus (CS)-A stimulus that evokes/triggers a response because it has been repeatedly paired/associated with an unconditional stimulus (bell) Conditioned Response (CR)- A learned response elicited or triggered by a conditioned
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Chapter 9: Learning and Memory Marketers expend considerable effort to have consumers learn about their products. Therefore it is vital that we understand how consumers‚ and that includes us‚ learn. Learning: Learning refers to any change in the content or organisation of long-term memory. Consumer behaviour is largely learned behaviour. Learning is defined as any change in the content or organisation of long-term memory. Consumers must learn almost everything related to being a consumer: product
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I was raised in a house hold where the use of profanity was more common than family dinners; I’ve adopted my family’s potty mouths and I would like to stop because it drives me crazy and my boyfriend says its un-lady like. When I’m in a professional setting‚ around my parents and other elders like a light switch I can turn the profanity off. When I’m interacting with my peers it’s almost like I don’t have a filter‚ unless I say the sentence in my head a few times before I actually verbalize it.
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Phobias and Addictions May 27‚ 2013 PSY/300 Phobias and Addictions Millions of Americans suffer from phobias and addictions. Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning are psychological processes in which a person learns. Webster defines a phobia is an irrational fear towards a situation‚ object or thing‚ which in turn becomes a strong desire to prevent or avoid it. Common phobias include claustrophobia a fear of tight and closed in spaces‚ necrophobia is a fear of dead things in general
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