I. How are gametes different from somatic cells? 1. Somatic Cells A. Body Cells i. Eyes‚ Liver‚ Spleen 2. Gametes A. Sex Cells i. Sperm‚ Eggs a. Sperm- Male Sex Cells b. Eggs- Female Sex Cells II. What do the terms haploid and diploid mean? 1. Haploid A. A cell only has one copy of each chromosome i. Somatic Cells 2. Diploid A. A cell has two copies of each chromosome i. Gametes III. What are homologous chromosomes? 1. Two chromosomes--one inherited
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structure of the nuclear pore complex‚ The Annual Review of Biochemistry 2011‚ Hoelz A‚ Debler EW‚ Blobel G [3] - http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucs2.htm [4] – Frank Schluenzen et al‚ Structure of Functionally Active Small Ribosomal Subunit at 3.3A Resolution [5] - http://www.unitus.it/scienze/corsonew/lezione11.html [6] – Cell Biology‚ second edition. Thomas D. Pollard and William C. Earnshaw. Saunders Elsevier. [7] - http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/endoplasmic-reticulum
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the use of messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA is a transcribed DNA segment that serves as a template for protein production. 1 Nucleolus The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. It is not surrounded by a membrane‚ but sits in the nucleus. The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). It then sends the subunits out to the rest of the cell where they combine into complete ribosomes. Function: The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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YOUR NOTES UNIT 2 NOTES DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA Functions • Stores genetic information and copies itself (replication) to pass on the information • Contains genes (instructions to make proteins) • Instructs cell’s activities DNA Structure • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides • Chromosomes (DNA strand + associated proteins ie. Histones wrap DNA around like a spool = condensed chromatin) ↓ genes (sections of a chromosome that codes for a protein) ↓ nucleotides (3 parts:
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sugar‚ a phosphate group‚ and a nitrogenous base If the sugar is deoxyribose‚ the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose‚ the polymer is RNA. Together with proteins‚ nucleic acids are the most important biological macromolecules The two nucleic acids used in repair‚ reproduction and protein synthesis are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA maybe found throughout the cell II.CLASSES DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the
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membrane 3’ 5’ 5’ 5’ 3’ Primary RNA transcript 5’ Cap mRNA Poly-A tail mRNA 3’ 2. Introns are excised from the RNA transcript‚ and the remaining exons are spliced together‚ producing mRNA Small ribosomal subunit Nuclear pore 4. tRNA molecules become attached to specific amino acids with the help of activating enzymes. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the order dictated by the mRNA. 3’ RNA polymerase 1. In the cell nucleus‚ RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from DNA Cap 3’ Poly-A tail
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translated into proteins in the ribosomes. * Ribosomes are complexes that are floating around or they can be attached. * Ribosomes are made up or RNA. * Ribosomal RNA helps the ribosome function as a ribosome and all of that gets made or created in the nucleolus. * Nucleolus is a densely packed of proteins and ribosomal RNA where it is reproduced. It’s not membrane bound. * Endoplasmic Reticulum is viewed as bunch of tunnels. Then they lead to the Golgi bodies. Some ribosomes
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immortal and comes in part from special cellular components called germ granules. Germ granules are small masses of proteins and RNA that are found just outside the nucleus of germ cells (Updike and Strome‚ 2010). It is thought that these germ granules influence the totipotency and identity of germ cells. (Hanazawa et al.‚ 2011) Here we address whether the depletion of ribosomal protein and translation factors (RPTFs) during early developmental stages result in the expression of germ granules in the larval
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Protein Synthesis Notes If DNA’s shape is altered it can’t function properly. RNA is more flexible so changing the shape changes the function‚ which is wanted. Any shape of RNA can become another. Three shapes/functions of RNA: -mRNA: messenger (linear_____) -rRNA: ribosomal (large and like a globe) More stable than mRNA. -tRNA: transfer (shaped like t) If you flatten this it becomes mRNA. Hydrogen Bonds ………………………………. Protein Synthesis Overview- Two Processes: Transcription- synthesis of
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Labeled Plant Cell Plant Cell Organelles Amyloplast A major component of plants that are starchy in nature‚ the amyloplast are organelles that store starch. They are classified as plastids‚ and are also known as starch grains. They are responsible for the conversion of starch into sugar‚ that gives the starchy plants and tubers energy. Function: Synthesis and storage of starch granules Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane The cell membrane is a thin layer made up of proteins‚ lipids‚ and
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