YOUR NOTES UNIT 2 NOTES DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA Functions • Stores genetic information and copies itself (replication) to pass on the information • Contains genes (instructions to make proteins) • Instructs cell’s activities DNA Structure • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides • Chromosomes (DNA strand + associated proteins ie. Histones wrap DNA around like a spool = condensed chromatin) ↓ genes (sections of a chromosome that codes for a protein) ↓ nucleotides (3 parts:
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membrane 3’ 5’ 5’ 5’ 3’ Primary RNA transcript 5’ Cap mRNA Poly-A tail mRNA 3’ 2. Introns are excised from the RNA transcript‚ and the remaining exons are spliced together‚ producing mRNA Small ribosomal subunit Nuclear pore 4. tRNA molecules become attached to specific amino acids with the help of activating enzymes. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the order dictated by the mRNA. 3’ RNA polymerase 1. In the cell nucleus‚ RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from DNA Cap 3’ Poly-A tail
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sugar‚ a phosphate group‚ and a nitrogenous base If the sugar is deoxyribose‚ the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose‚ the polymer is RNA. Together with proteins‚ nucleic acids are the most important biological macromolecules The two nucleic acids used in repair‚ reproduction and protein synthesis are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA maybe found throughout the cell II.CLASSES DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the
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translated into proteins in the ribosomes. * Ribosomes are complexes that are floating around or they can be attached. * Ribosomes are made up or RNA. * Ribosomal RNA helps the ribosome function as a ribosome and all of that gets made or created in the nucleolus. * Nucleolus is a densely packed of proteins and ribosomal RNA where it is reproduced. It’s not membrane bound. * Endoplasmic Reticulum is viewed as bunch of tunnels. Then they lead to the Golgi bodies. Some ribosomes
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immortal and comes in part from special cellular components called germ granules. Germ granules are small masses of proteins and RNA that are found just outside the nucleus of germ cells (Updike and Strome‚ 2010). It is thought that these germ granules influence the totipotency and identity of germ cells. (Hanazawa et al.‚ 2011) Here we address whether the depletion of ribosomal protein and translation factors (RPTFs) during early developmental stages result in the expression of germ granules in the larval
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Protein Synthesis Notes If DNA’s shape is altered it can’t function properly. RNA is more flexible so changing the shape changes the function‚ which is wanted. Any shape of RNA can become another. Three shapes/functions of RNA: -mRNA: messenger (linear_____) -rRNA: ribosomal (large and like a globe) More stable than mRNA. -tRNA: transfer (shaped like t) If you flatten this it becomes mRNA. Hydrogen Bonds ………………………………. Protein Synthesis Overview- Two Processes: Transcription- synthesis of
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Labeled Plant Cell Plant Cell Organelles Amyloplast A major component of plants that are starchy in nature‚ the amyloplast are organelles that store starch. They are classified as plastids‚ and are also known as starch grains. They are responsible for the conversion of starch into sugar‚ that gives the starchy plants and tubers energy. Function: Synthesis and storage of starch granules Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane The cell membrane is a thin layer made up of proteins‚ lipids‚ and
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2.4 Intervention products During both the run in period and the intervention period‚ the participants received four slices of bread (100 gram) and two servings of RETC (33.4 gram) each day. The WGW products have a whole grain content of 98.4 gram in total each day. For the weekends small buns‚ current buns and current bread were provided to the participants. The WGW and RW have a similar energy and macronutrient composition‚ although the fibre composition is different. The nutritional facts of the
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Chapter 1 Answers QUICK-CHECK questions 1 What are the special characteristics of the light produced by a synchrotron? In a synchrotron‚ electrons are accelerated to very high speeds (almost the speed of light). Light is created when the direction of movement of these electrons is changed (deflected) using magnetic fields. A characteristic of this light is that it is extremely bright. 2 a Explain why ice is less dense than water. Ice is less dense than liquid water because‚ as water solidifies
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__ DNA as the template molecule for messenger RNA __ The proper base pairing (including the uracil substitution) __ The chemical characteristics of nucleotides __ A comparison of RNA and DNA (other than uracil substitution) __ The triplet arrangement of codons and/or anticodons __ The control of transcription (Operon‚ etc.) __ Promoters __ The
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