Notes: Anatomy & Physiology 1. Cells A cell is the basic‚ living‚ structural‚ and functional unit of the body. Cytology: the study of cells A generalized view of the cell 3 main parts of the cell: Plasma membrane‚ cytoplasm and nucleus. * Plasma (cell) membrane: * Outer‚ limiting membrane separating the cell `s internal components from the extracellular materials and external environment. * Cytoplasm (formed or molded): * Consist of all the cellular contents between
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separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm‚ all in all keeping the DNA safe and intact. The nuclear envelope regulates the flow of substances into and out of the nucleus. The NUCLEOLUS is an important structure found within the nucleus. The RNA‚ which will be made into ribosomes is synthesised in the nucleolus. The ribosomes move out of the nucleus to help with protein synthesis. The ROUGH EDOPLASMIC RETICULUM looks rather “pebbeled” through a microscope because of the ribosome’s that are
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nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. Complementary bases Guanine is the complementary base of cytosine‚ and adenine is the complementary base of thymine in DNA and of uracil in RNA. Double helix A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis‚ especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule. EXERCISE 1 –DNA structure Which carbon atom (position) in the sugar forms a covalent bond with the nitrogen base? The
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photosynthesis conversion of CO2 to organic compounds radically changed Earth by producing A) sugar. B) cellulose. -C) O2. D) H2. 8. RNA is believed to have been the initial genetic system because it can A) form a stable double helix with a complementary nucleic acid strand. -B) catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides into another RNA strand. C) form ribosomes. D) transfer amino acids to ribosomes. 9. The initial importance of a
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membrane is infolded many times‚ forming a series of projections. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose. nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus. nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus. nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles‚ including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell and contains DNA. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear
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repressor domain covering the RNA binding and helicase domains. RIG-I recognizes PAMPs based on length of RNA‚ presence of 5’ cap‚ and sequence composition. RNA with a 5’ cap does not activate RIG-I signaling nor does RNA lacking exposed 5’ triphosphates (5’ppp) or 5’ diphosphates (5’pp). The ideal RIG-I PAMP is dsRNA that is less than 300 base pairs with a 5’ppp cap. Once RIG-I recognizes PAMP RNA it hydrolyzes ATP and opens the RNA binding domain for association with PAMP RNA. This also releases the
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HEATHER TOUPS A/P I T&R 10TH EDITION TEXT SELF QUIZ CHAPTER 3 Fill in the blanks in the following statements. 1. The three principal parts of the cell are the plasma membrane‚ cytoplasm and nucleus 2. Apoptosis refers to programmed cell death‚ whereas necrosis refers to cell death resulting from tissue injury. 3. The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the cytosol 4. List three causes of cellular aging. 1)shortening and loss of protective polemeres
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terrestrial and aquatic environments. Do not have a rigid cell wall. f. Multicellular paracites (worms) – Live at the expense of a host 4.) List and describe the 3 types of non-living infectious agents g. Viruses – Nucleic acid 9DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Multiply by using the machinery and nutrients of living cells. h. Viroids – Consist of only a single‚ short piece of ribonucleic acid. Like viruses‚ they multiply only inside cells. They cause a number of diseases
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Boston. 3. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA‚ Fourth Edition by Bernard R Glick‚ Jack J Pasternak and Cheryl L Patten. 2010. ASM Press‚ American Society for Microbiology‚ Washington DC. ----------------------- RNA polymerase binding site Repressor binding site
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Submitted To: Ma’am Shumaila Nadeem Submitted By: Zinnia Shah Date of Submission: Sep’25th-2014 KINNAIRD COLLEGE for WOMEN CONTENTS Introduction to transcription in eukaryotic cells -RNA-polymerases -promoters -outline of steps involved in transcription -transcription factors -basal-transcription-apparatus and the upstream-factors -Inducible factors Transcription in detail -Initiation
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