Final Exam Review Packet Name: _Susan Clark Chapter 1: 1. | An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(an) A. | anatomist. | B. | physiologist. | C. | chemist. | D. | biochemist. | E. | physicist. | | 2. | The branch of science that deals with the structure of human body parts is called anatomy. | 3. | The branch of science that deals with the functions of human
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genetic information to produce proteins. Transription generates 3 kinds of RNA. Transfer RNA(tRNA) carries amino acid during protein synthesis‚ ribosomal RNA molecules come together to form ribosomes while mRNA bears the message for protein synthesis. In bacteria‚ mRNA often carries coding information of more than 1 gene therefore it is said to be polycistronic (DIAGRAM). MRNA is synthesized under the direction of DNA by RNA polymerase. This polymerase in its core enzyme form has 5 subunits. A 6th
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process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA Transcription is the first step leading to gene expression. The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. Occurs in nucleus of the cell Translation: Translation is the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. In translation‚ messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific
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Termination of transcription is an extremely controlled process. As termination progresses‚ the production of phosphodiester bonds ceases‚ the DNA/RNA hybrid helices are unwound‚ DNA recombines to form a double helix once again‚ and DNA is freed from RNA polymerase. RNA synthesis will continue along the DNA template until the polymerase encounters a signal that tells it to stop. In prokaryotes‚ this signal can take one of two forms: ρ – dependent and ρ- independent. ρ – Independent termination
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Chapter 12 Gene Expression at the Molecular Level 1. Bread mold can grow in a minimal medium without supplements (wild type) while certain mutated strains (mutants) can only grow in a minimal medium that is supplemented with specific intermediates found in the following metabolic pathway for arginine synthesis: minimal ------> ornithine -------> citrulline ------> arginine‚ where enzyme 1 converts the precursor to ornithine‚ enzyme 2 converts ornithine to citrulline‚ and enzyme 3 converts citrulline
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Recognize the guanine and uridine rich single stranded RNAs) viii. TLR 9: unmethlylated CpG DNA (vaccinia‚ hepB‚ herpes) 2. Both single and dsDNA b. Many DNA viruses transcribe both strands of certain regions of their DNA genomes = self- complementary RNAs (dsRNA) c. ssRNA viruses = replicate their genome by synthesizing full length complementary RNA stands that can form dsRNA by hybridizing to the template RNA strand ix. ***The presence of dsRNA is the
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of synthesis with transcription and translation. DNA is transcribed into RNA which then uses that DNA as a template to translate into a polypeptide forming the trait or attribute. Depending on the DNA or genotype‚ the RNA or phenotype is conversely related. The process of synthesis with the gene to a protein is based on a triplet code‚ or a three-base word called codons. These codons are the building blocks between DNA and RNA that make up the amino acids in a polypeptide chain. 3. Describe each
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Eukaryotes Basal level - Low level of transcription Activators - Gene specific transcription factors Enhancers - Regulatory sequences that augment transcription Silencers - Regulatory sequences that diminish transcription Initiator - RNA polymerase II - Promoter‚ together with TATA (TFIID) *Looping enhances transcription Transcription-coupled Repair (TCR) - DNA repair mechanism Response Elements - Enhancers that respond to metabolic factors - Ex. Heat-shock element (HSE)
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Updated March 2011 DNA‚ RNA structure and function Why are multiple copies of tRNA and rRNA genes needed? a. These RNAs are destroyed very rapidly. b. These RNAs are very stable. c. These RNAs are needed in large amounts. d. These RNAs do not benefit from the extra amplification step that occurs for protein-encoding genes. e. c and d If you treat mitotic chromosomes with solutions that extract histones‚ what happens? a. The chromosomes become more condensed
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organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosome and DNA. 15. tRNA: Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein. 16. mRNA: Is an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein. 17. RNA: Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis.
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