The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was formed in 1969. The Official IRA declared a cease-fire in the summer of 1972‚ and subsequently the term IRA began being used for the organization that developed from the ’Provisional ’ IRA. Organized into small‚ tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council the IRA has remained largely unchanged. It is difficult to know the exact number of IRA members because of the political and economic persecution that comes with publicly endorsing
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The Russian Mafia Protectionism in the New Capitalist Russia The Russian Mafia has always exercised an important role in the Russian economy. The contemporary Mafiosi are descendents of the seventeenth Century highwaymen and Cossack robbers. These men occasionally murdered families prior to raids preventing them from being captured. The Russia Mafiosi made a point to remain aloof from the state. Mob men were actually spurned when returning home from fighting in the Great Patriotic War. The gangs
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RUSSIA - CULTURE - EDUCATION 1. Russian children begin school when they are 6 years old. Elementary school consists of the first 4 grades‚ middle school consists of 5 grades and high school is 2 grades. It is only required that children attend the first 9 grades. After that a child can go to work or do work/study. If a child wants to go to the University‚ however‚ he or she must complete all 11 grades. There are approximately 25-30 students in each class. All students learn at least one foreign
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the Reds refused to repay loans which had been made to the Tsar’s government‚ and had nationalized foreign owned businesses’ in Russia without compensation. Yet‚ despite a large number of anti-Bolshevik groups within Russia‚ who were backed by the most powerful countries in the world‚ the Bolsheviks did eventually win the Russian Civil War. But why? Fresh from seizing control of Russia from the hands of the Provisional Government‚ the Bolsheviks’ next step was to safeguard their fragile grip on
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CBC Paper Group Two Russian culture ------ Food Russian culture is associated with the country of Russia and‚ sometimes‚ specifically with ethnic Russians. It has a rich history and can boast a long tradition of excellence in every aspect of the arts‚ especially when it comes to literature and philosophy‚ classical music and ballet‚ architecture and painting‚ cinema and animation‚ which all had considerable influence on the world culture. The country also has a rich material culture and a strong
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) Russian Cuisine To my mind‚ delicious food is one of the greatest pleasures in our life. Russian cuisine is original food. Russian people usually have meals three times a day. In the morning they have breakfast‚ in the afternoon — dinner and in the evening it’s time for supper. Let us start with breakfast. This meal doesn’t usually take much time to prepare‚ due to the fact that people‚ as a rule‚ are in a hurry for work‚ school or somewhere else. It may include just sandwiches‚ fried or
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Russian Gulags Russian gulags were labor camps that were founded from the 1920’s to the 1950’s by Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps for political prisoners and criminals of the Soviet Union. The term “GULAG” is an acronym for the Soviet bureaucratic institution‚ Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei (Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps)‚ that operated the Soviet system of forced labor camps in the Stalin era After Stalin’s death in 1953‚ Soviet authorities
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borrowings……………………………………………………….8 1.3. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect and degree of assimilation…………………………………………………………………………...12 1.4. The borrowing process as the reflection of cultural contacts …………………...14 2 Analysis of Russian borrowings based on the examples from monolingual dictionaries of American and British English. 2.1. Similarities and differences in lexicographic description……………………….19 2.2. Contrasting Dictionary Entries: etymology‚ spelling‚ definition and lexical
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case of the Russian Revolution‚ the starting-point presents no problem: almost everyone takes it to be the "February Revolution" of 1917‚ which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the formation of the Provisional Government. But when did the Russian Revolution end? Was it all over by October 1917‚ when the Bolsheviks took power? Or did the end of the Revolution come with the Bolsheviks ’ victory in the Civil War in 1920? Was Stalin ’s "revolution from above" part of the Russian Revolution
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trade and handicrafts on the caravan routes to Europe and East Asia‚ When it was captured by the Russians in 1865‚ it was a walled city of some 70‚000 inhabitants and already a leading centre of trade with Russia. In 1867 it was made the administrative centre of the new governorate-general of Turkistan‚ and a new European city grew up beside the old native one. Soviet rule was established by Russian colonists in November 1917 after an armed uprising. Tashkent remained the capital of the new republic
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