TimeLine of Genetics 1750 B.C.E. The Sumerians brew beer. 500 B.C.E. The Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils. C.E. 100 Powdered chrysanthemum is used in China as an insecticide. 1590 The microscope is invented by Zacharias Janssen. 1663 Cells are first described by Robert Hooke. 1675 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria. 1797 Edward Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox. 1830 Proteins are
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mitochondrion. It is an essential process which enables organisms to survive and function (Biology Online‚ 2010). Not only does it produce ATP‚ but also carbon dioxide (though decarboxylation)‚ NADH and FADH and in the case of some organisms‚ alcohol. Saccharomyces cerevisia‚ a bacterium commonly known as yeast‚ is used in various aspects of life‚ from winemaking to baking. It respires both anaerobically and aerobically to produce CO2 and alcohol in a process known as fermentation (Barrio‚ 2009). It does
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Enzymes An enzyme is a protein used to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. Because they regulate the rate of chemical reactions‚ they are also called catalysts. There are many‚ many different types of enzymes‚ because for each chemical reaction that occurs‚ an enzyme specific to that reaction must be made. To act on a substrate‚ an enzyme must contain an active site. The active site is the area on the enzyme that allows the substrate and enzyme to fit together. The amino acids that are present
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Study Guide to Help with Laboratory Exam 1 Microbiology 1214 A partial study guide only. Not intended to replace the review sheets or the “Know the following” sections on your labs. These slides are not presented in any particular order. Name this Procedure Identify the two types of bacteria present by shape and gram stain. In a gram stain what is the primary stain? The mordant? The counterstain? How does this differ from a simple stain? Identify the shape and gram stain of the bacteria present
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| | | |Organism B |Penicillium |Fungus |Citrus fruit |Organic matter |Does not move | |Organism C |Saccharomyces |Fungus |Sugary‚ warm‚ moist |sugar |Does not move | | | | |environments | |
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References: 3. Bates‚ S; Cashmore‚ AM and Wilkins‚ BM. 1998. IncP Plasmids Are Unusually effective in mediating Conjugation of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Involvement of the Tra2 Mating System. Journal of Bacteriology. 180:6538-6540. 4
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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1. Define Ocular: (eyepiece) Objective: provides magnification of 4‚ 10‚ 40‚ and 100 power Low power: 4X 10X High-and-dry: 40X Oil immersion objective: 100X Fine adjustment: is essential for final‚ sharp focusing Coarse adjustment: is used initially for rough focusing Parfocal: as you cane from one objective to another you will find that your microscope is very close to a final focus Sub stage condenser: light focusing lens Iris diaphragm: used to regulate the
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The Cell Cycle A eukaryotic cell cannot divide into two‚ the two into four‚ etc. unless two processes alternate: doubling of its genome (DNA) in S phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle; halving of that genome during mitosis (M phase). The period between M and S is called G1; that between S and M is G2. So‚ the cell cycle consists of: G1 = growth and preparation of the chromosomes for replication; S = synthesis of DNA [see DNA Replication] and duplication of the centrosome; G2
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using - for no growth and +1 to +4 for growth. pH Organism 4 5 6 7 9 E. coli - +1 +2 +2 +3 P. fluorescens - - +1 +2 +3 L. bulgaricus - - +1 +1 +2 S. griseus - - +3 +4 +4 S. cerevisiae +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 4. Osmotic Limitations Sucrose concentration Organism 0% 15% 30% P. fluorescens +4 +4 +2 S. salivarius +2 +3 - S. cerevisiae +2 +4 +3 5. Fill in the spaces in the following chart with a + or -. For the mineral salts results‚ score growth using - for no growth and +1 to +4 for growth.
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additional steps in order to ferment. Our hypothesis was that artificial sweeteners such as Splenda and Xylitol‚ would produce less CO2 than the monosaccharides fructose and galactose‚ given their composition‚ when presented with the yeast species‚ Saccharomyces
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